628 lines
24 KiB
Python
628 lines
24 KiB
Python
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# Natural Language Toolkit: ASCII visualization of NLTK trees
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#
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# Copyright (C) 2001-2023 NLTK Project
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# Author: Andreas van Cranenburgh <A.W.vanCranenburgh@uva.nl>
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# Peter Ljunglöf <peter.ljunglof@gu.se>
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# URL: <https://www.nltk.org/>
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# For license information, see LICENSE.TXT
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"""
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Pretty-printing of discontinuous trees.
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Adapted from the disco-dop project, by Andreas van Cranenburgh.
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https://github.com/andreasvc/disco-dop
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Interesting reference (not used for this code):
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T. Eschbach et al., Orth. Hypergraph Drawing, Journal of
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Graph Algorithms and Applications, 10(2) 141--157 (2006)149.
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https://jgaa.info/accepted/2006/EschbachGuentherBecker2006.10.2.pdf
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"""
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import re
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try:
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from html import escape
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except ImportError:
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from cgi import escape
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from collections import defaultdict
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from operator import itemgetter
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from nltk.tree.tree import Tree
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from nltk.util import OrderedDict
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ANSICOLOR = {
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"black": 30,
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"red": 31,
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"green": 32,
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"yellow": 33,
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"blue": 34,
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"magenta": 35,
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"cyan": 36,
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"white": 37,
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}
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class TreePrettyPrinter:
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"""
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Pretty-print a tree in text format, either as ASCII or Unicode.
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The tree can be a normal tree, or discontinuous.
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``TreePrettyPrinter(tree, sentence=None, highlight=())``
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creates an object from which different visualizations can be created.
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:param tree: a Tree object.
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:param sentence: a list of words (strings). If `sentence` is given,
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`tree` must contain integers as leaves, which are taken as indices
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in `sentence`. Using this you can display a discontinuous tree.
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:param highlight: Optionally, a sequence of Tree objects in `tree` which
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should be highlighted. Has the effect of only applying colors to nodes
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in this sequence (nodes should be given as Tree objects, terminals as
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indices).
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>>> from nltk.tree import Tree
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>>> tree = Tree.fromstring('(S (NP Mary) (VP walks))')
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>>> print(TreePrettyPrinter(tree).text())
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... # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
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S
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____|____
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NP VP
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Mary walks
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"""
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def __init__(self, tree, sentence=None, highlight=()):
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if sentence is None:
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leaves = tree.leaves()
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if (
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leaves
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and all(len(a) > 0 for a in tree.subtrees())
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and all(isinstance(a, int) for a in leaves)
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):
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sentence = [str(a) for a in leaves]
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else:
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# this deals with empty nodes (frontier non-terminals)
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# and multiple/mixed terminals under non-terminals.
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tree = tree.copy(True)
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sentence = []
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for a in tree.subtrees():
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if len(a) == 0:
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a.append(len(sentence))
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sentence.append(None)
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elif any(not isinstance(b, Tree) for b in a):
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for n, b in enumerate(a):
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if not isinstance(b, Tree):
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a[n] = len(sentence)
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if type(b) == tuple:
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b = "/".join(b)
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sentence.append("%s" % b)
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self.nodes, self.coords, self.edges, self.highlight = self.nodecoords(
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tree, sentence, highlight
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)
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def __str__(self):
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return self.text()
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def __repr__(self):
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return "<TreePrettyPrinter with %d nodes>" % len(self.nodes)
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@staticmethod
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def nodecoords(tree, sentence, highlight):
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"""
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Produce coordinates of nodes on a grid.
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Objective:
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- Produce coordinates for a non-overlapping placement of nodes and
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horizontal lines.
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- Order edges so that crossing edges cross a minimal number of previous
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horizontal lines (never vertical lines).
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Approach:
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- bottom up level order traversal (start at terminals)
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- at each level, identify nodes which cannot be on the same row
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- identify nodes which cannot be in the same column
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- place nodes into a grid at (row, column)
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- order child-parent edges with crossing edges last
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Coordinates are (row, column); the origin (0, 0) is at the top left;
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the root node is on row 0. Coordinates do not consider the size of a
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node (which depends on font, &c), so the width of a column of the grid
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should be automatically determined by the element with the greatest
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width in that column. Alternatively, the integer coordinates could be
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converted to coordinates in which the distances between adjacent nodes
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are non-uniform.
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Produces tuple (nodes, coords, edges, highlighted) where:
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- nodes[id]: Tree object for the node with this integer id
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- coords[id]: (n, m) coordinate where to draw node with id in the grid
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- edges[id]: parent id of node with this id (ordered dictionary)
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- highlighted: set of ids that should be highlighted
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"""
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def findcell(m, matrix, startoflevel, children):
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"""
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Find vacant row, column index for node ``m``.
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Iterate over current rows for this level (try lowest first)
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and look for cell between first and last child of this node,
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add new row to level if no free row available.
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"""
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candidates = [a for _, a in children[m]]
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minidx, maxidx = min(candidates), max(candidates)
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leaves = tree[m].leaves()
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center = scale * sum(leaves) // len(leaves) # center of gravity
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if minidx < maxidx and not minidx < center < maxidx:
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center = sum(candidates) // len(candidates)
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if max(candidates) - min(candidates) > 2 * scale:
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center -= center % scale # round to unscaled coordinate
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if minidx < maxidx and not minidx < center < maxidx:
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center += scale
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if ids[m] == 0:
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startoflevel = len(matrix)
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for rowidx in range(startoflevel, len(matrix) + 1):
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if rowidx == len(matrix): # need to add a new row
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matrix.append(
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[
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vertline if a not in (corner, None) else None
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for a in matrix[-1]
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]
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)
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row = matrix[rowidx]
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if len(children[m]) == 1: # place unaries directly above child
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return rowidx, next(iter(children[m]))[1]
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elif all(
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a is None or a == vertline
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for a in row[min(candidates) : max(candidates) + 1]
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):
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# find free column
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for n in range(scale):
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i = j = center + n
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while j > minidx or i < maxidx:
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if i < maxidx and (
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matrix[rowidx][i] is None or i in candidates
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):
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return rowidx, i
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elif j > minidx and (
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matrix[rowidx][j] is None or j in candidates
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):
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return rowidx, j
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i += scale
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j -= scale
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raise ValueError(
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"could not find a free cell for:\n%s\n%s"
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"min=%d; max=%d" % (tree[m], minidx, maxidx, dumpmatrix())
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)
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def dumpmatrix():
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"""Dump matrix contents for debugging purposes."""
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return "\n".join(
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"%2d: %s" % (n, " ".join(("%2r" % i)[:2] for i in row))
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for n, row in enumerate(matrix)
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)
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leaves = tree.leaves()
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if not all(isinstance(n, int) for n in leaves):
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raise ValueError("All leaves must be integer indices.")
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if len(leaves) != len(set(leaves)):
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raise ValueError("Indices must occur at most once.")
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if not all(0 <= n < len(sentence) for n in leaves):
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raise ValueError(
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"All leaves must be in the interval 0..n "
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"with n=len(sentence)\ntokens: %d indices: "
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"%r\nsentence: %s" % (len(sentence), tree.leaves(), sentence)
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)
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vertline, corner = -1, -2 # constants
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tree = tree.copy(True)
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for a in tree.subtrees():
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a.sort(key=lambda n: min(n.leaves()) if isinstance(n, Tree) else n)
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scale = 2
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crossed = set()
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# internal nodes and lexical nodes (no frontiers)
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positions = tree.treepositions()
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maxdepth = max(map(len, positions)) + 1
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childcols = defaultdict(set)
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matrix = [[None] * (len(sentence) * scale)]
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nodes = {}
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ids = {a: n for n, a in enumerate(positions)}
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highlighted_nodes = {
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n for a, n in ids.items() if not highlight or tree[a] in highlight
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}
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levels = {n: [] for n in range(maxdepth - 1)}
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terminals = []
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for a in positions:
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node = tree[a]
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if isinstance(node, Tree):
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levels[maxdepth - node.height()].append(a)
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else:
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terminals.append(a)
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for n in levels:
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levels[n].sort(key=lambda n: max(tree[n].leaves()) - min(tree[n].leaves()))
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terminals.sort()
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positions = set(positions)
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for m in terminals:
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i = int(tree[m]) * scale
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assert matrix[0][i] is None, (matrix[0][i], m, i)
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matrix[0][i] = ids[m]
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nodes[ids[m]] = sentence[tree[m]]
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if nodes[ids[m]] is None:
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nodes[ids[m]] = "..."
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highlighted_nodes.discard(ids[m])
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positions.remove(m)
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childcols[m[:-1]].add((0, i))
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# add other nodes centered on their children,
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# if the center is already taken, back off
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# to the left and right alternately, until an empty cell is found.
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for n in sorted(levels, reverse=True):
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nodesatdepth = levels[n]
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startoflevel = len(matrix)
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matrix.append(
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[vertline if a not in (corner, None) else None for a in matrix[-1]]
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)
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for m in nodesatdepth: # [::-1]:
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if n < maxdepth - 1 and childcols[m]:
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_, pivot = min(childcols[m], key=itemgetter(1))
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if {
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a[:-1]
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for row in matrix[:-1]
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for a in row[:pivot]
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if isinstance(a, tuple)
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} & {
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a[:-1]
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for row in matrix[:-1]
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for a in row[pivot:]
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if isinstance(a, tuple)
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}:
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crossed.add(m)
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rowidx, i = findcell(m, matrix, startoflevel, childcols)
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positions.remove(m)
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# block positions where children of this node branch out
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for _, x in childcols[m]:
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matrix[rowidx][x] = corner
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# assert m == () or matrix[rowidx][i] in (None, corner), (
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# matrix[rowidx][i], m, str(tree), ' '.join(sentence))
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# node itself
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matrix[rowidx][i] = ids[m]
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nodes[ids[m]] = tree[m]
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# add column to the set of children for its parent
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if len(m) > 0:
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childcols[m[:-1]].add((rowidx, i))
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assert len(positions) == 0
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# remove unused columns, right to left
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for m in range(scale * len(sentence) - 1, -1, -1):
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if not any(isinstance(row[m], (Tree, int)) for row in matrix):
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for row in matrix:
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del row[m]
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# remove unused rows, reverse
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matrix = [
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row
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for row in reversed(matrix)
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if not all(a is None or a == vertline for a in row)
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]
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# collect coordinates of nodes
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coords = {}
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for n, _ in enumerate(matrix):
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for m, i in enumerate(matrix[n]):
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if isinstance(i, int) and i >= 0:
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coords[i] = n, m
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# move crossed edges last
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positions = sorted(
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(a for level in levels.values() for a in level),
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key=lambda a: a[:-1] in crossed,
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)
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# collect edges from node to node
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edges = OrderedDict()
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for i in reversed(positions):
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for j, _ in enumerate(tree[i]):
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edges[ids[i + (j,)]] = ids[i]
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return nodes, coords, edges, highlighted_nodes
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def text(
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self,
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nodedist=1,
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unicodelines=False,
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html=False,
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ansi=False,
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nodecolor="blue",
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leafcolor="red",
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funccolor="green",
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abbreviate=None,
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maxwidth=16,
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):
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"""
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:return: ASCII art for a discontinuous tree.
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:param unicodelines: whether to use Unicode line drawing characters
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instead of plain (7-bit) ASCII.
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:param html: whether to wrap output in html code (default plain text).
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:param ansi: whether to produce colors with ANSI escape sequences
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(only effective when html==False).
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:param leafcolor, nodecolor: specify colors of leaves and phrasal
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nodes; effective when either html or ansi is True.
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:param abbreviate: if True, abbreviate labels longer than 5 characters.
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If integer, abbreviate labels longer than `abbr` characters.
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:param maxwidth: maximum number of characters before a label starts to
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wrap; pass None to disable.
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"""
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if abbreviate == True:
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abbreviate = 5
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if unicodelines:
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horzline = "\u2500"
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leftcorner = "\u250c"
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rightcorner = "\u2510"
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vertline = " \u2502 "
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tee = horzline + "\u252C" + horzline
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bottom = horzline + "\u2534" + horzline
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cross = horzline + "\u253c" + horzline
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ellipsis = "\u2026"
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else:
|
||
|
|
horzline = "_"
|
||
|
|
leftcorner = rightcorner = " "
|
||
|
|
vertline = " | "
|
||
|
|
tee = 3 * horzline
|
||
|
|
cross = bottom = "_|_"
|
||
|
|
ellipsis = "."
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def crosscell(cur, x=vertline):
|
||
|
|
"""Overwrite center of this cell with a vertical branch."""
|
||
|
|
splitl = len(cur) - len(cur) // 2 - len(x) // 2 - 1
|
||
|
|
lst = list(cur)
|
||
|
|
lst[splitl : splitl + len(x)] = list(x)
|
||
|
|
return "".join(lst)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
result = []
|
||
|
|
matrix = defaultdict(dict)
|
||
|
|
maxnodewith = defaultdict(lambda: 3)
|
||
|
|
maxnodeheight = defaultdict(lambda: 1)
|
||
|
|
maxcol = 0
|
||
|
|
minchildcol = {}
|
||
|
|
maxchildcol = {}
|
||
|
|
childcols = defaultdict(set)
|
||
|
|
labels = {}
|
||
|
|
wrapre = re.compile(
|
||
|
|
"(.{%d,%d}\\b\\W*|.{%d})" % (maxwidth - 4, maxwidth, maxwidth)
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
# collect labels and coordinates
|
||
|
|
for a in self.nodes:
|
||
|
|
row, column = self.coords[a]
|
||
|
|
matrix[row][column] = a
|
||
|
|
maxcol = max(maxcol, column)
|
||
|
|
label = (
|
||
|
|
self.nodes[a].label()
|
||
|
|
if isinstance(self.nodes[a], Tree)
|
||
|
|
else self.nodes[a]
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
if abbreviate and len(label) > abbreviate:
|
||
|
|
label = label[:abbreviate] + ellipsis
|
||
|
|
if maxwidth and len(label) > maxwidth:
|
||
|
|
label = wrapre.sub(r"\1\n", label).strip()
|
||
|
|
label = label.split("\n")
|
||
|
|
maxnodeheight[row] = max(maxnodeheight[row], len(label))
|
||
|
|
maxnodewith[column] = max(maxnodewith[column], max(map(len, label)))
|
||
|
|
labels[a] = label
|
||
|
|
if a not in self.edges:
|
||
|
|
continue # e.g., root
|
||
|
|
parent = self.edges[a]
|
||
|
|
childcols[parent].add((row, column))
|
||
|
|
minchildcol[parent] = min(minchildcol.get(parent, column), column)
|
||
|
|
maxchildcol[parent] = max(maxchildcol.get(parent, column), column)
|
||
|
|
# bottom up level order traversal
|
||
|
|
for row in sorted(matrix, reverse=True):
|
||
|
|
noderows = [
|
||
|
|
["".center(maxnodewith[col]) for col in range(maxcol + 1)]
|
||
|
|
for _ in range(maxnodeheight[row])
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
branchrow = ["".center(maxnodewith[col]) for col in range(maxcol + 1)]
|
||
|
|
for col in matrix[row]:
|
||
|
|
n = matrix[row][col]
|
||
|
|
node = self.nodes[n]
|
||
|
|
text = labels[n]
|
||
|
|
if isinstance(node, Tree):
|
||
|
|
# draw horizontal branch towards children for this node
|
||
|
|
if n in minchildcol and minchildcol[n] < maxchildcol[n]:
|
||
|
|
i, j = minchildcol[n], maxchildcol[n]
|
||
|
|
a, b = (maxnodewith[i] + 1) // 2 - 1, maxnodewith[j] // 2
|
||
|
|
branchrow[i] = ((" " * a) + leftcorner).ljust(
|
||
|
|
maxnodewith[i], horzline
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
branchrow[j] = (rightcorner + (" " * b)).rjust(
|
||
|
|
maxnodewith[j], horzline
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
for i in range(minchildcol[n] + 1, maxchildcol[n]):
|
||
|
|
if i == col and any(a == i for _, a in childcols[n]):
|
||
|
|
line = cross
|
||
|
|
elif i == col:
|
||
|
|
line = bottom
|
||
|
|
elif any(a == i for _, a in childcols[n]):
|
||
|
|
line = tee
|
||
|
|
else:
|
||
|
|
line = horzline
|
||
|
|
branchrow[i] = line.center(maxnodewith[i], horzline)
|
||
|
|
else: # if n and n in minchildcol:
|
||
|
|
branchrow[col] = crosscell(branchrow[col])
|
||
|
|
text = [a.center(maxnodewith[col]) for a in text]
|
||
|
|
color = nodecolor if isinstance(node, Tree) else leafcolor
|
||
|
|
if isinstance(node, Tree) and node.label().startswith("-"):
|
||
|
|
color = funccolor
|
||
|
|
if html:
|
||
|
|
text = [escape(a, quote=False) for a in text]
|
||
|
|
if n in self.highlight:
|
||
|
|
text = [f"<font color={color}>{a}</font>" for a in text]
|
||
|
|
elif ansi and n in self.highlight:
|
||
|
|
text = ["\x1b[%d;1m%s\x1b[0m" % (ANSICOLOR[color], a) for a in text]
|
||
|
|
for x in range(maxnodeheight[row]):
|
||
|
|
# draw vertical lines in partially filled multiline node
|
||
|
|
# labels, but only if it's not a frontier node.
|
||
|
|
noderows[x][col] = (
|
||
|
|
text[x]
|
||
|
|
if x < len(text)
|
||
|
|
else (vertline if childcols[n] else " ").center(
|
||
|
|
maxnodewith[col], " "
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
# for each column, if there is a node below us which has a parent
|
||
|
|
# above us, draw a vertical branch in that column.
|
||
|
|
if row != max(matrix):
|
||
|
|
for n, (childrow, col) in self.coords.items():
|
||
|
|
if n > 0 and self.coords[self.edges[n]][0] < row < childrow:
|
||
|
|
branchrow[col] = crosscell(branchrow[col])
|
||
|
|
if col not in matrix[row]:
|
||
|
|
for noderow in noderows:
|
||
|
|
noderow[col] = crosscell(noderow[col])
|
||
|
|
branchrow = [
|
||
|
|
a + ((a[-1] if a[-1] != " " else b[0]) * nodedist)
|
||
|
|
for a, b in zip(branchrow, branchrow[1:] + [" "])
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
result.append("".join(branchrow))
|
||
|
|
result.extend(
|
||
|
|
(" " * nodedist).join(noderow) for noderow in reversed(noderows)
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
return "\n".join(reversed(result)) + "\n"
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def svg(self, nodecolor="blue", leafcolor="red", funccolor="green"):
|
||
|
|
"""
|
||
|
|
:return: SVG representation of a tree.
|
||
|
|
"""
|
||
|
|
fontsize = 12
|
||
|
|
hscale = 40
|
||
|
|
vscale = 25
|
||
|
|
hstart = vstart = 20
|
||
|
|
width = max(col for _, col in self.coords.values())
|
||
|
|
height = max(row for row, _ in self.coords.values())
|
||
|
|
result = [
|
||
|
|
'<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" '
|
||
|
|
'width="%dem" height="%dem" viewBox="%d %d %d %d">'
|
||
|
|
% (
|
||
|
|
width * 3,
|
||
|
|
height * 2.5,
|
||
|
|
-hstart,
|
||
|
|
-vstart,
|
||
|
|
width * hscale + 3 * hstart,
|
||
|
|
height * vscale + 3 * vstart,
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
children = defaultdict(set)
|
||
|
|
for n in self.nodes:
|
||
|
|
if n:
|
||
|
|
children[self.edges[n]].add(n)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# horizontal branches from nodes to children
|
||
|
|
for node in self.nodes:
|
||
|
|
if not children[node]:
|
||
|
|
continue
|
||
|
|
y, x = self.coords[node]
|
||
|
|
x *= hscale
|
||
|
|
y *= vscale
|
||
|
|
x += hstart
|
||
|
|
y += vstart + fontsize // 2
|
||
|
|
childx = [self.coords[c][1] for c in children[node]]
|
||
|
|
xmin = hstart + hscale * min(childx)
|
||
|
|
xmax = hstart + hscale * max(childx)
|
||
|
|
result.append(
|
||
|
|
'\t<polyline style="stroke:black; stroke-width:1; fill:none;" '
|
||
|
|
'points="%g,%g %g,%g" />' % (xmin, y, xmax, y)
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
result.append(
|
||
|
|
'\t<polyline style="stroke:black; stroke-width:1; fill:none;" '
|
||
|
|
'points="%g,%g %g,%g" />' % (x, y, x, y - fontsize // 3)
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# vertical branches from children to parents
|
||
|
|
for child, parent in self.edges.items():
|
||
|
|
y, _ = self.coords[parent]
|
||
|
|
y *= vscale
|
||
|
|
y += vstart + fontsize // 2
|
||
|
|
childy, childx = self.coords[child]
|
||
|
|
childx *= hscale
|
||
|
|
childy *= vscale
|
||
|
|
childx += hstart
|
||
|
|
childy += vstart - fontsize
|
||
|
|
result += [
|
||
|
|
'\t<polyline style="stroke:white; stroke-width:10; fill:none;"'
|
||
|
|
' points="%g,%g %g,%g" />' % (childx, childy, childx, y + 5),
|
||
|
|
'\t<polyline style="stroke:black; stroke-width:1; fill:none;"'
|
||
|
|
' points="%g,%g %g,%g" />' % (childx, childy, childx, y),
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# write nodes with coordinates
|
||
|
|
for n, (row, column) in self.coords.items():
|
||
|
|
node = self.nodes[n]
|
||
|
|
x = column * hscale + hstart
|
||
|
|
y = row * vscale + vstart
|
||
|
|
if n in self.highlight:
|
||
|
|
color = nodecolor if isinstance(node, Tree) else leafcolor
|
||
|
|
if isinstance(node, Tree) and node.label().startswith("-"):
|
||
|
|
color = funccolor
|
||
|
|
else:
|
||
|
|
color = "black"
|
||
|
|
result += [
|
||
|
|
'\t<text style="text-anchor: middle; fill: %s; '
|
||
|
|
'font-size: %dpx;" x="%g" y="%g">%s</text>'
|
||
|
|
% (
|
||
|
|
color,
|
||
|
|
fontsize,
|
||
|
|
x,
|
||
|
|
y,
|
||
|
|
escape(
|
||
|
|
node.label() if isinstance(node, Tree) else node, quote=False
|
||
|
|
),
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
result += ["</svg>"]
|
||
|
|
return "\n".join(result)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def test():
|
||
|
|
"""Do some tree drawing tests."""
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def print_tree(n, tree, sentence=None, ansi=True, **xargs):
|
||
|
|
print()
|
||
|
|
print('{}: "{}"'.format(n, " ".join(sentence or tree.leaves())))
|
||
|
|
print(tree)
|
||
|
|
print()
|
||
|
|
drawtree = TreePrettyPrinter(tree, sentence)
|
||
|
|
try:
|
||
|
|
print(drawtree.text(unicodelines=ansi, ansi=ansi, **xargs))
|
||
|
|
except (UnicodeDecodeError, UnicodeEncodeError):
|
||
|
|
print(drawtree.text(unicodelines=False, ansi=False, **xargs))
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
from nltk.corpus import treebank
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
for n in [0, 1440, 1591, 2771, 2170]:
|
||
|
|
tree = treebank.parsed_sents()[n]
|
||
|
|
print_tree(n, tree, nodedist=2, maxwidth=8)
|
||
|
|
print()
|
||
|
|
print("ASCII version:")
|
||
|
|
print(TreePrettyPrinter(tree).text(nodedist=2))
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
tree = Tree.fromstring(
|
||
|
|
"(top (punct 8) (smain (noun 0) (verb 1) (inf (verb 5) (inf (verb 6) "
|
||
|
|
"(conj (inf (pp (prep 2) (np (det 3) (noun 4))) (verb 7)) (inf (verb 9)) "
|
||
|
|
"(vg 10) (inf (verb 11)))))) (punct 12))",
|
||
|
|
read_leaf=int,
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
sentence = (
|
||
|
|
"Ze had met haar moeder kunnen gaan winkelen ,"
|
||
|
|
" zwemmen of terrassen .".split()
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
print_tree("Discontinuous tree", tree, sentence, nodedist=2)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
__all__ = ["TreePrettyPrinter"]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||
|
|
test()
|