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<section id="putting-it-all-together">
<section id="makegames-6">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>6. Putting it all together<a class="headerlink" href="#makegames-6" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>So far you've learnt all the basics necessary to build a simple game. You should understand how to create Pygame objects, how Pygame
displays objects, how it handles events, and how you can use physics to introduce some motion into your game. Now I'll just show how
you can take all those chunks of code and put them together into a working game. What we need first is to let the ball hit the sides
of the screen, and for the bat to be able to hit the ball, otherwise there's not going to be much gameplay involved. We do this
using Pygame's <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/rect.html#pygame.Rect.collidepoint" title="pygame.Rect.collidepoint"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collision</span></code></a> methods.</p>
<section id="let-the-ball-hit-sides">
<span id="makegames-6-1"></span><h3>6.1. Let the ball hit sides<a class="headerlink" href="#let-the-ball-hit-sides" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The basic principle behind making it bounce of the sides is easy to grasp. You grab the coordinates of the four corners of the ball,
and check to see if they correspond with the x or y coordinate of the edge of the screen. So if the top right and top left corners both
have a y coordinate of zero, you know that the ball is currently on the top edge of the screen. We do all this in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update</span></code> function,
after we've worked out the new position of the ball.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">tl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collidepoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">topleft</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">tr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collidepoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">topright</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">bl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collidepoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bottomleft</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">br</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collidepoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bottomright</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">tr</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">tl</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">br</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">bl</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">angle</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">tl</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">bl</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">offcourt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">player</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">tr</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">br</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">offcourt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">player</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vector</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here we check to see if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">area</span></code>
contains the new position of the ball (it always should, so we needn't have an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> clause,
though in other circumstances you might want to consider it). We then check if the coordinates for the four corners
are <em>colliding</em> with the area's edges, and create objects for each result. If they are, the objects will have a value of 1,
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>. If they don't, then the value will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>. We then see if it has hit the top or bottom, and if it
has we change the ball's direction. Handily, using radians we can do this by simply reversing its positive/negative value.
We also check to see if the ball has gone off the sides, and if it has we call the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">offcourt</span></code> function.
This, in my game, resets the ball, adds 1 point to the score of the player specified when calling the function, and displays the new score.</p>
<p>Finally, we recompile the vector based on the new angle. And that is it. The ball will now merrily bounce off the walls and go
offcourt with good grace.</p>
</section>
<section id="let-the-ball-hit-bats">
<span id="makegames-6-2"></span><h3>6.2. Let the ball hit bats<a class="headerlink" href="#let-the-ball-hit-bats" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Making the ball hit the bats is very similar to making it hit the sides of the screen. We still use the collide method, but this time
we check to see if the rectangles for the ball and either bat collide. In this code I've also put in some extra code to avoid various
glitches. You'll find that you'll have to put all sorts of extra code in to avoid glitches and bugs, so it's good to get used to seeing
it.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># Deflate the rectangles so you can&#39;t catch a ball behind the bat</span>
<span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inflate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inflate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Do ball and bat collide?</span>
<span class="c1"># Note I put in an odd rule that sets self.hit to 1 when they collide, and unsets it in the next</span>
<span class="c1"># iteration. this is to stop odd ball behaviour where it finds a collision *inside* the</span>
<span class="c1"># bat, the ball reverses, and is still inside the bat, so bounces around inside.</span>
<span class="c1"># This way, the ball can always escape and bounce away cleanly</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">colliderect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">angle</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">colliderect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">angle</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vector</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>We start this section with an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> statement, because this carries on from the previous chunk of code to check if the ball
hits the sides. It makes sense that if it doesn't hit the sides, it might hit a bat, so we carry on the conditional statement. The
first glitch to fix is to shrink the players' rectangles by 3 pixels in both dimensions, to stop the bat catching a ball that goes
behind them (if you imagine you just move the bat so that as the ball travels behind it, the rectangles overlap, and so normally the
ball would then have been &quot;hit&quot; - this prevents that).</p>
<p>Next we check if the rectangles collide, with one more glitch fix. Notice that I've commented on these odd bits of code - it's always
good to explain bits of code that are abnormal, both for others who look at your code, and so you understand it when you come back to
it. The without the fix, the ball might hit a corner of the bat, change direction, and one frame later still find itself inside the
bat. Then it would again think it has been hit, and change its direction. This can happen several times, making the ball's motion
completely unrealistic. So we have a variable, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self.hit</span></code>, which we set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> when it has been hit, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> one frame
later. When we check if the rectangles have collided, we also check if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self.hit</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, to stop internal bouncing.</p>
<p>The important code here is pretty easy to understand. All rectangles have a <a class="reference internal" href="../ref/rect.html#pygame.Rect.colliderect" title="pygame.Rect.colliderect"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colliderect</span></code></a>
function, into which you feed the rectangle of another object, which returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the rectangles do overlap, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if not.
If they do, we can change the direction by subtracting the current angle from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pi</span></code> (again, a handy trick you can do with radians,
which will adjust the angle by 90 degrees and send it off in the right direction; you might find at this point that a thorough
understanding of radians is in order!). Just to finish the glitch checking, we switch <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self.hit</span></code> back to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if it's the frame
after they were hit.</p>
<p>We also then recompile the vector. You would of course want to remove the same line in the previous chunk of code, so that you only do
this once after the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if-else</span></code> conditional statement. And that's it! The combined code will now allow the ball to hit sides and bats.</p>
</section>
<section id="the-finished-product">
<span id="makegames-6-3"></span><h3>6.3. The Finished product<a class="headerlink" href="#the-finished-product" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The final product, with all the bits of code thrown together, as well as some other bits ofcode to glue it all together, will look
like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># Tom&#39;s Pong</span>
<span class="c1"># A simple pong game with realistic physics and AI</span>
<span class="c1"># http://tomchance.org.uk/projects/pong</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># Released under the GNU General Public License</span>
<span class="n">VERSION</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0.4&quot;</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">random</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">math</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">getopt</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pygame</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">socket</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pygame.locals</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;couldn&#39;t load module. </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_png</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot; Load image and return image object&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="n">fullname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;data&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fullname</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_alpha</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">convert</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">image</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">convert_alpha</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">FileNotFoundError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;Cannot load image: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">fullname</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">SystemExit</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_rect</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Ball</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Sprite</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;A ball that will move across the screen</span>
<span class="sd"> Returns: ball object</span>
<span class="sd"> Functions: update, calcnewpos</span>
<span class="sd"> Attributes: area, vector&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xy</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">vector</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Sprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_png</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;ball.png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">screen</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">display</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_surface</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_rect</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vector</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vector</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">newpos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calcnewpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">newpos</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vector</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">tl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collidepoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">topleft</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">tr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collidepoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">topright</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">bl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collidepoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bottomleft</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">br</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collidepoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bottomright</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">tr</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">tl</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">br</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">bl</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">angle</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">tl</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">bl</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1">#self.offcourt()</span>
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">angle</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">tr</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">br</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">angle</span>
<span class="c1">#self.offcourt()</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># Deflate the rectangles so you can&#39;t catch a ball behind the bat</span>
<span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inflate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inflate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Do ball and bat collide?</span>
<span class="c1"># Note I put in an odd rule that sets self.hit to 1 when they collide, and unsets it in the next</span>
<span class="c1"># iteration. this is to stop odd ball behaviour where it finds a collision *inside* the</span>
<span class="c1"># bat, the ball reverses, and is still inside the bat, so bounces around inside.</span>
<span class="c1"># This way, the ball can always escape and bounce away cleanly</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">colliderect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">angle</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">colliderect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pi</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">angle</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hit</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vector</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">calcnewpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vector</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">dy</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">dy</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Bat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Sprite</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Movable tennis &#39;bat&#39; with which one hits the ball</span>
<span class="sd"> Returns: bat object</span>
<span class="sd"> Functions: reinit, update, moveup, movedown</span>
<span class="sd"> Attributes: which, speed&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">side</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Sprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">image</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_png</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;bat.png&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">screen</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">display</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_surface</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_rect</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;still&quot;</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reinit</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">reinit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;still&quot;</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movepos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;left&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">midleft</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">midleft</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;right&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">midright</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">midright</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">update</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">newpos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">move</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movepos</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">area</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">contains</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">newpos</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">newpos</span>
<span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pump</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">moveup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movepos</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movepos</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;moveup&quot;</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">movedown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movepos</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movepos</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;movedown&quot;</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="c1"># Initialise screen</span>
<span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">screen</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">display</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_mode</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">640</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">480</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">display</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_caption</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Basic Pong&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Fill background</span>
<span class="n">background</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Surface</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_size</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">background</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">background</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">convert</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">background</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fill</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1"># Initialise players</span>
<span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">player1</span>
<span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">player2</span>
<span class="n">player1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Bat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;left&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">player2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Bat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;right&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Initialise ball</span>
<span class="n">speed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">13</span>
<span class="n">rand</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mf">0.1</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">))))</span>
<span class="n">ball</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Ball</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="mf">0.47</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1"># Initialise sprites</span>
<span class="n">playersprites</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">RenderPlain</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">player1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">player2</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">ballsprite</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">RenderPlain</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ball</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Blit everything to the screen</span>
<span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">display</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flip</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Initialise clock</span>
<span class="n">clock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Clock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Event loop</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># Make sure game doesn&#39;t run at more than 60 frames per second</span>
<span class="n">clock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tick</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">event</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">type</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">QUIT</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">type</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">KEYDOWN</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">K_a</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">moveup</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">K_z</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movedown</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">K_UP</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">moveup</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">K_DOWN</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movedown</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">type</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">KEYUP</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">K_a</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">K_z</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movepos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;still&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">K_UP</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">K_DOWN</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">movepos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;still&quot;</span>
<span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ball</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ball</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">player1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">player2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rect</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ballsprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">playersprites</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">ballsprite</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">draw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">playersprites</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">draw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">pygame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">display</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flip</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>As well as showing you the final product, I'll point you back to TomPong, upon which all of this is based. Download it, have a look
at the source code, and you'll see a full implementation of pong using all of the code you've seen in this tutorial, as well as lots of
other code I've added in various versions, such as some extra physics for spinning, and various other bug and glitch fixes.</p>
<p>Oh, find TomPong at <a class="reference external" href="http://tomchance.org.uk/projects/pong">http://tomchance.org.uk/projects/pong</a>.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<br /><br />
<hr />
<a href="https://github.com/pygame/pygame/edit/main/docs/reST/tut\tom_games6.rst" rel="nofollow">Edit on GitHub</a>
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