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"""
Logistic Regression
"""
# Author: Gael Varoquaux <gael.varoquaux@normalesup.org>
# Fabian Pedregosa <f@bianp.net>
# Alexandre Gramfort <alexandre.gramfort@telecom-paristech.fr>
# Manoj Kumar <manojkumarsivaraj334@gmail.com>
# Lars Buitinck
# Simon Wu <s8wu@uwaterloo.ca>
# Arthur Mensch <arthur.mensch@m4x.org
import numbers
import warnings
from numbers import Integral, Real
import numpy as np
from joblib import effective_n_jobs
from scipy import optimize
from sklearn.metrics import get_scorer_names
from .._loss.loss import HalfBinomialLoss, HalfMultinomialLoss
from ..base import _fit_context
from ..metrics import get_scorer
from ..model_selection import check_cv
from ..preprocessing import LabelBinarizer, LabelEncoder
from ..svm._base import _fit_liblinear
from ..utils import (
Bunch,
check_array,
check_consistent_length,
check_random_state,
compute_class_weight,
)
from ..utils._param_validation import Interval, StrOptions
from ..utils.extmath import row_norms, softmax
from ..utils.metadata_routing import (
MetadataRouter,
MethodMapping,
_raise_for_params,
_routing_enabled,
process_routing,
)
from ..utils.multiclass import check_classification_targets
from ..utils.optimize import _check_optimize_result, _newton_cg
from ..utils.parallel import Parallel, delayed
from ..utils.validation import (
_check_method_params,
_check_sample_weight,
check_is_fitted,
)
from ._base import BaseEstimator, LinearClassifierMixin, SparseCoefMixin
from ._glm.glm import NewtonCholeskySolver
from ._linear_loss import LinearModelLoss
from ._sag import sag_solver
_LOGISTIC_SOLVER_CONVERGENCE_MSG = (
"Please also refer to the documentation for alternative solver options:\n"
" https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/linear_model.html"
"#logistic-regression"
)
def _check_solver(solver, penalty, dual):
if solver not in ["liblinear", "saga"] and penalty not in ("l2", None):
raise ValueError(
f"Solver {solver} supports only 'l2' or None penalties, got {penalty} "
"penalty."
)
if solver != "liblinear" and dual:
raise ValueError(f"Solver {solver} supports only dual=False, got dual={dual}")
if penalty == "elasticnet" and solver != "saga":
raise ValueError(
f"Only 'saga' solver supports elasticnet penalty, got solver={solver}."
)
if solver == "liblinear" and penalty is None:
raise ValueError("penalty=None is not supported for the liblinear solver")
return solver
def _check_multi_class(multi_class, solver, n_classes):
"""Computes the multi class type, either "multinomial" or "ovr".
For `n_classes` > 2 and a solver that supports it, returns "multinomial".
For all other cases, in particular binary classification, return "ovr".
"""
if multi_class == "auto":
if solver in ("liblinear", "newton-cholesky"):
multi_class = "ovr"
elif n_classes > 2:
multi_class = "multinomial"
else:
multi_class = "ovr"
if multi_class == "multinomial" and solver in ("liblinear", "newton-cholesky"):
raise ValueError("Solver %s does not support a multinomial backend." % solver)
return multi_class
def _logistic_regression_path(
X,
y,
pos_class=None,
Cs=10,
fit_intercept=True,
max_iter=100,
tol=1e-4,
verbose=0,
solver="lbfgs",
coef=None,
class_weight=None,
dual=False,
penalty="l2",
intercept_scaling=1.0,
multi_class="auto",
random_state=None,
check_input=True,
max_squared_sum=None,
sample_weight=None,
l1_ratio=None,
n_threads=1,
):
"""Compute a Logistic Regression model for a list of regularization
parameters.
This is an implementation that uses the result of the previous model
to speed up computations along the set of solutions, making it faster
than sequentially calling LogisticRegression for the different parameters.
Note that there will be no speedup with liblinear solver, since it does
not handle warm-starting.
Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <logistic_regression>`.
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Input data.
y : array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_targets)
Input data, target values.
pos_class : int, default=None
The class with respect to which we perform a one-vs-all fit.
If None, then it is assumed that the given problem is binary.
Cs : int or array-like of shape (n_cs,), default=10
List of values for the regularization parameter or integer specifying
the number of regularization parameters that should be used. In this
case, the parameters will be chosen in a logarithmic scale between
1e-4 and 1e4.
fit_intercept : bool, default=True
Whether to fit an intercept for the model. In this case the shape of
the returned array is (n_cs, n_features + 1).
max_iter : int, default=100
Maximum number of iterations for the solver.
tol : float, default=1e-4
Stopping criterion. For the newton-cg and lbfgs solvers, the iteration
will stop when ``max{|g_i | i = 1, ..., n} <= tol``
where ``g_i`` is the i-th component of the gradient.
verbose : int, default=0
For the liblinear and lbfgs solvers set verbose to any positive
number for verbosity.
solver : {'lbfgs', 'liblinear', 'newton-cg', 'newton-cholesky', 'sag', 'saga'}, \
default='lbfgs'
Numerical solver to use.
coef : array-like of shape (n_features,), default=None
Initialization value for coefficients of logistic regression.
Useless for liblinear solver.
class_weight : dict or 'balanced', default=None
Weights associated with classes in the form ``{class_label: weight}``.
If not given, all classes are supposed to have weight one.
The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust
weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data
as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``.
Note that these weights will be multiplied with sample_weight (passed
through the fit method) if sample_weight is specified.
dual : bool, default=False
Dual or primal formulation. Dual formulation is only implemented for
l2 penalty with liblinear solver. Prefer dual=False when
n_samples > n_features.
penalty : {'l1', 'l2', 'elasticnet'}, default='l2'
Used to specify the norm used in the penalization. The 'newton-cg',
'sag' and 'lbfgs' solvers support only l2 penalties. 'elasticnet' is
only supported by the 'saga' solver.
intercept_scaling : float, default=1.
Useful only when the solver 'liblinear' is used
and self.fit_intercept is set to True. In this case, x becomes
[x, self.intercept_scaling],
i.e. a "synthetic" feature with constant value equal to
intercept_scaling is appended to the instance vector.
The intercept becomes ``intercept_scaling * synthetic_feature_weight``.
Note! the synthetic feature weight is subject to l1/l2 regularization
as all other features.
To lessen the effect of regularization on synthetic feature weight
(and therefore on the intercept) intercept_scaling has to be increased.
multi_class : {'ovr', 'multinomial', 'auto'}, default='auto'
If the option chosen is 'ovr', then a binary problem is fit for each
label. For 'multinomial' the loss minimised is the multinomial loss fit
across the entire probability distribution, *even when the data is
binary*. 'multinomial' is unavailable when solver='liblinear'.
'auto' selects 'ovr' if the data is binary, or if solver='liblinear',
and otherwise selects 'multinomial'.
.. versionadded:: 0.18
Stochastic Average Gradient descent solver for 'multinomial' case.
.. versionchanged:: 0.22
Default changed from 'ovr' to 'auto' in 0.22.
random_state : int, RandomState instance, default=None
Used when ``solver`` == 'sag', 'saga' or 'liblinear' to shuffle the
data. See :term:`Glossary <random_state>` for details.
check_input : bool, default=True
If False, the input arrays X and y will not be checked.
max_squared_sum : float, default=None
Maximum squared sum of X over samples. Used only in SAG solver.
If None, it will be computed, going through all the samples.
The value should be precomputed to speed up cross validation.
sample_weight : array-like of shape(n_samples,), default=None
Array of weights that are assigned to individual samples.
If not provided, then each sample is given unit weight.
l1_ratio : float, default=None
The Elastic-Net mixing parameter, with ``0 <= l1_ratio <= 1``. Only
used if ``penalty='elasticnet'``. Setting ``l1_ratio=0`` is equivalent
to using ``penalty='l2'``, while setting ``l1_ratio=1`` is equivalent
to using ``penalty='l1'``. For ``0 < l1_ratio <1``, the penalty is a
combination of L1 and L2.
n_threads : int, default=1
Number of OpenMP threads to use.
Returns
-------
coefs : ndarray of shape (n_cs, n_features) or (n_cs, n_features + 1)
List of coefficients for the Logistic Regression model. If
fit_intercept is set to True then the second dimension will be
n_features + 1, where the last item represents the intercept. For
``multiclass='multinomial'``, the shape is (n_classes, n_cs,
n_features) or (n_classes, n_cs, n_features + 1).
Cs : ndarray
Grid of Cs used for cross-validation.
n_iter : array of shape (n_cs,)
Actual number of iteration for each Cs.
Notes
-----
You might get slightly different results with the solver liblinear than
with the others since this uses LIBLINEAR which penalizes the intercept.
.. versionchanged:: 0.19
The "copy" parameter was removed.
"""
if isinstance(Cs, numbers.Integral):
Cs = np.logspace(-4, 4, Cs)
solver = _check_solver(solver, penalty, dual)
# Preprocessing.
if check_input:
X = check_array(
X,
accept_sparse="csr",
dtype=np.float64,
accept_large_sparse=solver not in ["liblinear", "sag", "saga"],
)
y = check_array(y, ensure_2d=False, dtype=None)
check_consistent_length(X, y)
n_samples, n_features = X.shape
classes = np.unique(y)
random_state = check_random_state(random_state)
multi_class = _check_multi_class(multi_class, solver, len(classes))
if pos_class is None and multi_class != "multinomial":
if classes.size > 2:
raise ValueError("To fit OvR, use the pos_class argument")
# np.unique(y) gives labels in sorted order.
pos_class = classes[1]
if sample_weight is not None or class_weight is not None:
sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X, dtype=X.dtype, copy=True)
# If class_weights is a dict (provided by the user), the weights
# are assigned to the original labels. If it is "balanced", then
# the class_weights are assigned after masking the labels with a OvR.
le = LabelEncoder()
if isinstance(class_weight, dict) or (
multi_class == "multinomial" and class_weight is not None
):
class_weight_ = compute_class_weight(class_weight, classes=classes, y=y)
sample_weight *= class_weight_[le.fit_transform(y)]
# For doing a ovr, we need to mask the labels first. For the
# multinomial case this is not necessary.
if multi_class == "ovr":
w0 = np.zeros(n_features + int(fit_intercept), dtype=X.dtype)
mask = y == pos_class
y_bin = np.ones(y.shape, dtype=X.dtype)
if solver in ["lbfgs", "newton-cg", "newton-cholesky"]:
# HalfBinomialLoss, used for those solvers, represents y in [0, 1] instead
# of in [-1, 1].
mask_classes = np.array([0, 1])
y_bin[~mask] = 0.0
else:
mask_classes = np.array([-1, 1])
y_bin[~mask] = -1.0
# for compute_class_weight
if class_weight == "balanced":
class_weight_ = compute_class_weight(
class_weight, classes=mask_classes, y=y_bin
)
sample_weight *= class_weight_[le.fit_transform(y_bin)]
else:
if solver in ["sag", "saga", "lbfgs", "newton-cg"]:
# SAG, lbfgs and newton-cg multinomial solvers need LabelEncoder,
# not LabelBinarizer, i.e. y as a 1d-array of integers.
# LabelEncoder also saves memory compared to LabelBinarizer, especially
# when n_classes is large.
le = LabelEncoder()
Y_multi = le.fit_transform(y).astype(X.dtype, copy=False)
else:
# For liblinear solver, apply LabelBinarizer, i.e. y is one-hot encoded.
lbin = LabelBinarizer()
Y_multi = lbin.fit_transform(y)
if Y_multi.shape[1] == 1:
Y_multi = np.hstack([1 - Y_multi, Y_multi])
w0 = np.zeros(
(classes.size, n_features + int(fit_intercept)), order="F", dtype=X.dtype
)
# IMPORTANT NOTE:
# All solvers relying on LinearModelLoss need to scale the penalty with n_samples
# or the sum of sample weights because the implemented logistic regression
# objective here is (unfortunately)
# C * sum(pointwise_loss) + penalty
# instead of (as LinearModelLoss does)
# mean(pointwise_loss) + 1/C * penalty
if solver in ["lbfgs", "newton-cg", "newton-cholesky"]:
# This needs to be calculated after sample_weight is multiplied by
# class_weight. It is even tested that passing class_weight is equivalent to
# passing sample_weights according to class_weight.
sw_sum = n_samples if sample_weight is None else np.sum(sample_weight)
if coef is not None:
# it must work both giving the bias term and not
if multi_class == "ovr":
if coef.size not in (n_features, w0.size):
raise ValueError(
"Initialization coef is of shape %d, expected shape %d or %d"
% (coef.size, n_features, w0.size)
)
w0[: coef.size] = coef
else:
# For binary problems coef.shape[0] should be 1, otherwise it
# should be classes.size.
n_classes = classes.size
if n_classes == 2:
n_classes = 1
if coef.shape[0] != n_classes or coef.shape[1] not in (
n_features,
n_features + 1,
):
raise ValueError(
"Initialization coef is of shape (%d, %d), expected "
"shape (%d, %d) or (%d, %d)"
% (
coef.shape[0],
coef.shape[1],
classes.size,
n_features,
classes.size,
n_features + 1,
)
)
if n_classes == 1:
w0[0, : coef.shape[1]] = -coef
w0[1, : coef.shape[1]] = coef
else:
w0[:, : coef.shape[1]] = coef
if multi_class == "multinomial":
if solver in ["lbfgs", "newton-cg"]:
# scipy.optimize.minimize and newton-cg accept only ravelled parameters,
# i.e. 1d-arrays. LinearModelLoss expects classes to be contiguous and
# reconstructs the 2d-array via w0.reshape((n_classes, -1), order="F").
# As w0 is F-contiguous, ravel(order="F") also avoids a copy.
w0 = w0.ravel(order="F")
loss = LinearModelLoss(
base_loss=HalfMultinomialLoss(n_classes=classes.size),
fit_intercept=fit_intercept,
)
target = Y_multi
if solver == "lbfgs":
func = loss.loss_gradient
elif solver == "newton-cg":
func = loss.loss
grad = loss.gradient
hess = loss.gradient_hessian_product # hess = [gradient, hessp]
warm_start_sag = {"coef": w0.T}
else:
target = y_bin
if solver == "lbfgs":
loss = LinearModelLoss(
base_loss=HalfBinomialLoss(), fit_intercept=fit_intercept
)
func = loss.loss_gradient
elif solver == "newton-cg":
loss = LinearModelLoss(
base_loss=HalfBinomialLoss(), fit_intercept=fit_intercept
)
func = loss.loss
grad = loss.gradient
hess = loss.gradient_hessian_product # hess = [gradient, hessp]
elif solver == "newton-cholesky":
loss = LinearModelLoss(
base_loss=HalfBinomialLoss(), fit_intercept=fit_intercept
)
warm_start_sag = {"coef": np.expand_dims(w0, axis=1)}
coefs = list()
n_iter = np.zeros(len(Cs), dtype=np.int32)
for i, C in enumerate(Cs):
if solver == "lbfgs":
l2_reg_strength = 1.0 / (C * sw_sum)
iprint = [-1, 50, 1, 100, 101][
np.searchsorted(np.array([0, 1, 2, 3]), verbose)
]
opt_res = optimize.minimize(
func,
w0,
method="L-BFGS-B",
jac=True,
args=(X, target, sample_weight, l2_reg_strength, n_threads),
options={
"maxiter": max_iter,
"maxls": 50, # default is 20
"iprint": iprint,
"gtol": tol,
"ftol": 64 * np.finfo(float).eps,
},
)
n_iter_i = _check_optimize_result(
solver,
opt_res,
max_iter,
extra_warning_msg=_LOGISTIC_SOLVER_CONVERGENCE_MSG,
)
w0, loss = opt_res.x, opt_res.fun
elif solver == "newton-cg":
l2_reg_strength = 1.0 / (C * sw_sum)
args = (X, target, sample_weight, l2_reg_strength, n_threads)
w0, n_iter_i = _newton_cg(
hess, func, grad, w0, args=args, maxiter=max_iter, tol=tol
)
elif solver == "newton-cholesky":
l2_reg_strength = 1.0 / (C * sw_sum)
sol = NewtonCholeskySolver(
coef=w0,
linear_loss=loss,
l2_reg_strength=l2_reg_strength,
tol=tol,
max_iter=max_iter,
n_threads=n_threads,
verbose=verbose,
)
w0 = sol.solve(X=X, y=target, sample_weight=sample_weight)
n_iter_i = sol.iteration
elif solver == "liblinear":
(
coef_,
intercept_,
n_iter_i,
) = _fit_liblinear(
X,
target,
C,
fit_intercept,
intercept_scaling,
None,
penalty,
dual,
verbose,
max_iter,
tol,
random_state,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
)
if fit_intercept:
w0 = np.concatenate([coef_.ravel(), intercept_])
else:
w0 = coef_.ravel()
# n_iter_i is an array for each class. However, `target` is always encoded
# in {-1, 1}, so we only take the first element of n_iter_i.
n_iter_i = n_iter_i.item()
elif solver in ["sag", "saga"]:
if multi_class == "multinomial":
target = target.astype(X.dtype, copy=False)
loss = "multinomial"
else:
loss = "log"
# alpha is for L2-norm, beta is for L1-norm
if penalty == "l1":
alpha = 0.0
beta = 1.0 / C
elif penalty == "l2":
alpha = 1.0 / C
beta = 0.0
else: # Elastic-Net penalty
alpha = (1.0 / C) * (1 - l1_ratio)
beta = (1.0 / C) * l1_ratio
w0, n_iter_i, warm_start_sag = sag_solver(
X,
target,
sample_weight,
loss,
alpha,
beta,
max_iter,
tol,
verbose,
random_state,
False,
max_squared_sum,
warm_start_sag,
is_saga=(solver == "saga"),
)
else:
raise ValueError(
"solver must be one of {'liblinear', 'lbfgs', "
"'newton-cg', 'sag'}, got '%s' instead" % solver
)
if multi_class == "multinomial":
n_classes = max(2, classes.size)
if solver in ["lbfgs", "newton-cg"]:
multi_w0 = np.reshape(w0, (n_classes, -1), order="F")
else:
multi_w0 = w0
if n_classes == 2:
multi_w0 = multi_w0[1][np.newaxis, :]
coefs.append(multi_w0.copy())
else:
coefs.append(w0.copy())
n_iter[i] = n_iter_i
return np.array(coefs), np.array(Cs), n_iter
# helper function for LogisticCV
def _log_reg_scoring_path(
X,
y,
train,
test,
*,
pos_class,
Cs,
scoring,
fit_intercept,
max_iter,
tol,
class_weight,
verbose,
solver,
penalty,
dual,
intercept_scaling,
multi_class,
random_state,
max_squared_sum,
sample_weight,
l1_ratio,
score_params,
):
"""Computes scores across logistic_regression_path
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Training data.
y : array-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_targets)
Target labels.
train : list of indices
The indices of the train set.
test : list of indices
The indices of the test set.
pos_class : int
The class with respect to which we perform a one-vs-all fit.
If None, then it is assumed that the given problem is binary.
Cs : int or list of floats
Each of the values in Cs describes the inverse of
regularization strength. If Cs is as an int, then a grid of Cs
values are chosen in a logarithmic scale between 1e-4 and 1e4.
scoring : callable
A string (see model evaluation documentation) or
a scorer callable object / function with signature
``scorer(estimator, X, y)``. For a list of scoring functions
that can be used, look at :mod:`sklearn.metrics`.
fit_intercept : bool
If False, then the bias term is set to zero. Else the last
term of each coef_ gives us the intercept.
max_iter : int
Maximum number of iterations for the solver.
tol : float
Tolerance for stopping criteria.
class_weight : dict or 'balanced'
Weights associated with classes in the form ``{class_label: weight}``.
If not given, all classes are supposed to have weight one.
The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust
weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data
as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``
Note that these weights will be multiplied with sample_weight (passed
through the fit method) if sample_weight is specified.
verbose : int
For the liblinear and lbfgs solvers set verbose to any positive
number for verbosity.
solver : {'lbfgs', 'liblinear', 'newton-cg', 'newton-cholesky', 'sag', 'saga'}
Decides which solver to use.
penalty : {'l1', 'l2', 'elasticnet'}
Used to specify the norm used in the penalization. The 'newton-cg',
'sag' and 'lbfgs' solvers support only l2 penalties. 'elasticnet' is
only supported by the 'saga' solver.
dual : bool
Dual or primal formulation. Dual formulation is only implemented for
l2 penalty with liblinear solver. Prefer dual=False when
n_samples > n_features.
intercept_scaling : float
Useful only when the solver 'liblinear' is used
and self.fit_intercept is set to True. In this case, x becomes
[x, self.intercept_scaling],
i.e. a "synthetic" feature with constant value equals to
intercept_scaling is appended to the instance vector.
The intercept becomes intercept_scaling * synthetic feature weight
Note! the synthetic feature weight is subject to l1/l2 regularization
as all other features.
To lessen the effect of regularization on synthetic feature weight
(and therefore on the intercept) intercept_scaling has to be increased.
multi_class : {'auto', 'ovr', 'multinomial'}
If the option chosen is 'ovr', then a binary problem is fit for each
label. For 'multinomial' the loss minimised is the multinomial loss fit
across the entire probability distribution, *even when the data is
binary*. 'multinomial' is unavailable when solver='liblinear'.
random_state : int, RandomState instance
Used when ``solver`` == 'sag', 'saga' or 'liblinear' to shuffle the
data. See :term:`Glossary <random_state>` for details.
max_squared_sum : float
Maximum squared sum of X over samples. Used only in SAG solver.
If None, it will be computed, going through all the samples.
The value should be precomputed to speed up cross validation.
sample_weight : array-like of shape(n_samples,)
Array of weights that are assigned to individual samples.
If not provided, then each sample is given unit weight.
l1_ratio : float
The Elastic-Net mixing parameter, with ``0 <= l1_ratio <= 1``. Only
used if ``penalty='elasticnet'``. Setting ``l1_ratio=0`` is equivalent
to using ``penalty='l2'``, while setting ``l1_ratio=1`` is equivalent
to using ``penalty='l1'``. For ``0 < l1_ratio <1``, the penalty is a
combination of L1 and L2.
score_params : dict
Parameters to pass to the `score` method of the underlying scorer.
Returns
-------
coefs : ndarray of shape (n_cs, n_features) or (n_cs, n_features + 1)
List of coefficients for the Logistic Regression model. If
fit_intercept is set to True then the second dimension will be
n_features + 1, where the last item represents the intercept.
Cs : ndarray
Grid of Cs used for cross-validation.
scores : ndarray of shape (n_cs,)
Scores obtained for each Cs.
n_iter : ndarray of shape(n_cs,)
Actual number of iteration for each Cs.
"""
X_train = X[train]
X_test = X[test]
y_train = y[train]
y_test = y[test]
if sample_weight is not None:
sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X)
sample_weight = sample_weight[train]
coefs, Cs, n_iter = _logistic_regression_path(
X_train,
y_train,
Cs=Cs,
l1_ratio=l1_ratio,
fit_intercept=fit_intercept,
solver=solver,
max_iter=max_iter,
class_weight=class_weight,
pos_class=pos_class,
multi_class=multi_class,
tol=tol,
verbose=verbose,
dual=dual,
penalty=penalty,
intercept_scaling=intercept_scaling,
random_state=random_state,
check_input=False,
max_squared_sum=max_squared_sum,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
)
log_reg = LogisticRegression(solver=solver, multi_class=multi_class)
# The score method of Logistic Regression has a classes_ attribute.
if multi_class == "ovr":
log_reg.classes_ = np.array([-1, 1])
elif multi_class == "multinomial":
log_reg.classes_ = np.unique(y_train)
else:
raise ValueError(
"multi_class should be either multinomial or ovr, got %d" % multi_class
)
if pos_class is not None:
mask = y_test == pos_class
y_test = np.ones(y_test.shape, dtype=np.float64)
y_test[~mask] = -1.0
scores = list()
scoring = get_scorer(scoring)
for w in coefs:
if multi_class == "ovr":
w = w[np.newaxis, :]
if fit_intercept:
log_reg.coef_ = w[:, :-1]
log_reg.intercept_ = w[:, -1]
else:
log_reg.coef_ = w
log_reg.intercept_ = 0.0
if scoring is None:
scores.append(log_reg.score(X_test, y_test))
else:
score_params = score_params or {}
score_params = _check_method_params(X=X, params=score_params, indices=test)
scores.append(scoring(log_reg, X_test, y_test, **score_params))
return coefs, Cs, np.array(scores), n_iter
class LogisticRegression(LinearClassifierMixin, SparseCoefMixin, BaseEstimator):
"""
Logistic Regression (aka logit, MaxEnt) classifier.
In the multiclass case, the training algorithm uses the one-vs-rest (OvR)
scheme if the 'multi_class' option is set to 'ovr', and uses the
cross-entropy loss if the 'multi_class' option is set to 'multinomial'.
(Currently the 'multinomial' option is supported only by the 'lbfgs',
'sag', 'saga' and 'newton-cg' solvers.)
This class implements regularized logistic regression using the
'liblinear' library, 'newton-cg', 'sag', 'saga' and 'lbfgs' solvers. **Note
that regularization is applied by default**. It can handle both dense
and sparse input. Use C-ordered arrays or CSR matrices containing 64-bit
floats for optimal performance; any other input format will be converted
(and copied).
The 'newton-cg', 'sag', and 'lbfgs' solvers support only L2 regularization
with primal formulation, or no regularization. The 'liblinear' solver
supports both L1 and L2 regularization, with a dual formulation only for
the L2 penalty. The Elastic-Net regularization is only supported by the
'saga' solver.
Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <logistic_regression>`.
Parameters
----------
penalty : {'l1', 'l2', 'elasticnet', None}, default='l2'
Specify the norm of the penalty:
- `None`: no penalty is added;
- `'l2'`: add a L2 penalty term and it is the default choice;
- `'l1'`: add a L1 penalty term;
- `'elasticnet'`: both L1 and L2 penalty terms are added.
.. warning::
Some penalties may not work with some solvers. See the parameter
`solver` below, to know the compatibility between the penalty and
solver.
.. versionadded:: 0.19
l1 penalty with SAGA solver (allowing 'multinomial' + L1)
dual : bool, default=False
Dual (constrained) or primal (regularized, see also
:ref:`this equation <regularized-logistic-loss>`) formulation. Dual formulation
is only implemented for l2 penalty with liblinear solver. Prefer dual=False when
n_samples > n_features.
tol : float, default=1e-4
Tolerance for stopping criteria.
C : float, default=1.0
Inverse of regularization strength; must be a positive float.
Like in support vector machines, smaller values specify stronger
regularization.
fit_intercept : bool, default=True
Specifies if a constant (a.k.a. bias or intercept) should be
added to the decision function.
intercept_scaling : float, default=1
Useful only when the solver 'liblinear' is used
and self.fit_intercept is set to True. In this case, x becomes
[x, self.intercept_scaling],
i.e. a "synthetic" feature with constant value equal to
intercept_scaling is appended to the instance vector.
The intercept becomes ``intercept_scaling * synthetic_feature_weight``.
Note! the synthetic feature weight is subject to l1/l2 regularization
as all other features.
To lessen the effect of regularization on synthetic feature weight
(and therefore on the intercept) intercept_scaling has to be increased.
class_weight : dict or 'balanced', default=None
Weights associated with classes in the form ``{class_label: weight}``.
If not given, all classes are supposed to have weight one.
The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust
weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data
as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``.
Note that these weights will be multiplied with sample_weight (passed
through the fit method) if sample_weight is specified.
.. versionadded:: 0.17
*class_weight='balanced'*
random_state : int, RandomState instance, default=None
Used when ``solver`` == 'sag', 'saga' or 'liblinear' to shuffle the
data. See :term:`Glossary <random_state>` for details.
solver : {'lbfgs', 'liblinear', 'newton-cg', 'newton-cholesky', 'sag', 'saga'}, \
default='lbfgs'
Algorithm to use in the optimization problem. Default is 'lbfgs'.
To choose a solver, you might want to consider the following aspects:
- For small datasets, 'liblinear' is a good choice, whereas 'sag'
and 'saga' are faster for large ones;
- For multiclass problems, only 'newton-cg', 'sag', 'saga' and
'lbfgs' handle multinomial loss;
- 'liblinear' is limited to one-versus-rest schemes.
- 'newton-cholesky' is a good choice for `n_samples` >> `n_features`,
especially with one-hot encoded categorical features with rare
categories. Note that it is limited to binary classification and the
one-versus-rest reduction for multiclass classification. Be aware that
the memory usage of this solver has a quadratic dependency on
`n_features` because it explicitly computes the Hessian matrix.
.. warning::
The choice of the algorithm depends on the penalty chosen.
Supported penalties by solver:
- 'lbfgs' - ['l2', None]
- 'liblinear' - ['l1', 'l2']
- 'newton-cg' - ['l2', None]
- 'newton-cholesky' - ['l2', None]
- 'sag' - ['l2', None]
- 'saga' - ['elasticnet', 'l1', 'l2', None]
.. note::
'sag' and 'saga' fast convergence is only guaranteed on features
with approximately the same scale. You can preprocess the data with
a scaler from :mod:`sklearn.preprocessing`.
.. seealso::
Refer to the User Guide for more information regarding
:class:`LogisticRegression` and more specifically the
:ref:`Table <Logistic_regression>`
summarizing solver/penalty supports.
.. versionadded:: 0.17
Stochastic Average Gradient descent solver.
.. versionadded:: 0.19
SAGA solver.
.. versionchanged:: 0.22
The default solver changed from 'liblinear' to 'lbfgs' in 0.22.
.. versionadded:: 1.2
newton-cholesky solver.
max_iter : int, default=100
Maximum number of iterations taken for the solvers to converge.
multi_class : {'auto', 'ovr', 'multinomial'}, default='auto'
If the option chosen is 'ovr', then a binary problem is fit for each
label. For 'multinomial' the loss minimised is the multinomial loss fit
across the entire probability distribution, *even when the data is
binary*. 'multinomial' is unavailable when solver='liblinear'.
'auto' selects 'ovr' if the data is binary, or if solver='liblinear',
and otherwise selects 'multinomial'.
.. versionadded:: 0.18
Stochastic Average Gradient descent solver for 'multinomial' case.
.. versionchanged:: 0.22
Default changed from 'ovr' to 'auto' in 0.22.
verbose : int, default=0
For the liblinear and lbfgs solvers set verbose to any positive
number for verbosity.
warm_start : bool, default=False
When set to True, reuse the solution of the previous call to fit as
initialization, otherwise, just erase the previous solution.
Useless for liblinear solver. See :term:`the Glossary <warm_start>`.
.. versionadded:: 0.17
*warm_start* to support *lbfgs*, *newton-cg*, *sag*, *saga* solvers.
n_jobs : int, default=None
Number of CPU cores used when parallelizing over classes if
multi_class='ovr'". This parameter is ignored when the ``solver`` is
set to 'liblinear' regardless of whether 'multi_class' is specified or
not. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend`
context. ``-1`` means using all processors.
See :term:`Glossary <n_jobs>` for more details.
l1_ratio : float, default=None
The Elastic-Net mixing parameter, with ``0 <= l1_ratio <= 1``. Only
used if ``penalty='elasticnet'``. Setting ``l1_ratio=0`` is equivalent
to using ``penalty='l2'``, while setting ``l1_ratio=1`` is equivalent
to using ``penalty='l1'``. For ``0 < l1_ratio <1``, the penalty is a
combination of L1 and L2.
Attributes
----------
classes_ : ndarray of shape (n_classes, )
A list of class labels known to the classifier.
coef_ : ndarray of shape (1, n_features) or (n_classes, n_features)
Coefficient of the features in the decision function.
`coef_` is of shape (1, n_features) when the given problem is binary.
In particular, when `multi_class='multinomial'`, `coef_` corresponds
to outcome 1 (True) and `-coef_` corresponds to outcome 0 (False).
intercept_ : ndarray of shape (1,) or (n_classes,)
Intercept (a.k.a. bias) added to the decision function.
If `fit_intercept` is set to False, the intercept is set to zero.
`intercept_` is of shape (1,) when the given problem is binary.
In particular, when `multi_class='multinomial'`, `intercept_`
corresponds to outcome 1 (True) and `-intercept_` corresponds to
outcome 0 (False).
n_features_in_ : int
Number of features seen during :term:`fit`.
.. versionadded:: 0.24
feature_names_in_ : ndarray of shape (`n_features_in_`,)
Names of features seen during :term:`fit`. Defined only when `X`
has feature names that are all strings.
.. versionadded:: 1.0
n_iter_ : ndarray of shape (n_classes,) or (1, )
Actual number of iterations for all classes. If binary or multinomial,
it returns only 1 element. For liblinear solver, only the maximum
number of iteration across all classes is given.
.. versionchanged:: 0.20
In SciPy <= 1.0.0 the number of lbfgs iterations may exceed
``max_iter``. ``n_iter_`` will now report at most ``max_iter``.
See Also
--------
SGDClassifier : Incrementally trained logistic regression (when given
the parameter ``loss="log_loss"``).
LogisticRegressionCV : Logistic regression with built-in cross validation.
Notes
-----
The underlying C implementation uses a random number generator to
select features when fitting the model. It is thus not uncommon,
to have slightly different results for the same input data. If
that happens, try with a smaller tol parameter.
Predict output may not match that of standalone liblinear in certain
cases. See :ref:`differences from liblinear <liblinear_differences>`
in the narrative documentation.
References
----------
L-BFGS-B -- Software for Large-scale Bound-constrained Optimization
Ciyou Zhu, Richard Byrd, Jorge Nocedal and Jose Luis Morales.
http://users.iems.northwestern.edu/~nocedal/lbfgsb.html
LIBLINEAR -- A Library for Large Linear Classification
https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/liblinear/
SAG -- Mark Schmidt, Nicolas Le Roux, and Francis Bach
Minimizing Finite Sums with the Stochastic Average Gradient
https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00860051/document
SAGA -- Defazio, A., Bach F. & Lacoste-Julien S. (2014).
:arxiv:`"SAGA: A Fast Incremental Gradient Method With Support
for Non-Strongly Convex Composite Objectives" <1407.0202>`
Hsiang-Fu Yu, Fang-Lan Huang, Chih-Jen Lin (2011). Dual coordinate descent
methods for logistic regression and maximum entropy models.
Machine Learning 85(1-2):41-75.
https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/papers/maxent_dual.pdf
Examples
--------
>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
>>> from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
>>> X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)
>>> clf = LogisticRegression(random_state=0).fit(X, y)
>>> clf.predict(X[:2, :])
array([0, 0])
>>> clf.predict_proba(X[:2, :])
array([[9.8...e-01, 1.8...e-02, 1.4...e-08],
[9.7...e-01, 2.8...e-02, ...e-08]])
>>> clf.score(X, y)
0.97...
"""
_parameter_constraints: dict = {
"penalty": [StrOptions({"l1", "l2", "elasticnet"}), None],
"dual": ["boolean"],
"tol": [Interval(Real, 0, None, closed="left")],
"C": [Interval(Real, 0, None, closed="right")],
"fit_intercept": ["boolean"],
"intercept_scaling": [Interval(Real, 0, None, closed="neither")],
"class_weight": [dict, StrOptions({"balanced"}), None],
"random_state": ["random_state"],
"solver": [
StrOptions(
{"lbfgs", "liblinear", "newton-cg", "newton-cholesky", "sag", "saga"}
)
],
"max_iter": [Interval(Integral, 0, None, closed="left")],
"multi_class": [StrOptions({"auto", "ovr", "multinomial"})],
"verbose": ["verbose"],
"warm_start": ["boolean"],
"n_jobs": [None, Integral],
"l1_ratio": [Interval(Real, 0, 1, closed="both"), None],
}
def __init__(
self,
penalty="l2",
*,
dual=False,
tol=1e-4,
C=1.0,
fit_intercept=True,
intercept_scaling=1,
class_weight=None,
random_state=None,
solver="lbfgs",
max_iter=100,
multi_class="auto",
verbose=0,
warm_start=False,
n_jobs=None,
l1_ratio=None,
):
self.penalty = penalty
self.dual = dual
self.tol = tol
self.C = C
self.fit_intercept = fit_intercept
self.intercept_scaling = intercept_scaling
self.class_weight = class_weight
self.random_state = random_state
self.solver = solver
self.max_iter = max_iter
self.multi_class = multi_class
self.verbose = verbose
self.warm_start = warm_start
self.n_jobs = n_jobs
self.l1_ratio = l1_ratio
@_fit_context(prefer_skip_nested_validation=True)
def fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None):
"""
Fit the model according to the given training data.
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Training vector, where `n_samples` is the number of samples and
`n_features` is the number of features.
y : array-like of shape (n_samples,)
Target vector relative to X.
sample_weight : array-like of shape (n_samples,) default=None
Array of weights that are assigned to individual samples.
If not provided, then each sample is given unit weight.
.. versionadded:: 0.17
*sample_weight* support to LogisticRegression.
Returns
-------
self
Fitted estimator.
Notes
-----
The SAGA solver supports both float64 and float32 bit arrays.
"""
solver = _check_solver(self.solver, self.penalty, self.dual)
if self.penalty != "elasticnet" and self.l1_ratio is not None:
warnings.warn(
"l1_ratio parameter is only used when penalty is "
"'elasticnet'. Got "
"(penalty={})".format(self.penalty)
)
if self.penalty == "elasticnet" and self.l1_ratio is None:
raise ValueError("l1_ratio must be specified when penalty is elasticnet.")
if self.penalty is None:
if self.C != 1.0: # default values
warnings.warn(
"Setting penalty=None will ignore the C and l1_ratio parameters"
)
# Note that check for l1_ratio is done right above
C_ = np.inf
penalty = "l2"
else:
C_ = self.C
penalty = self.penalty
if solver == "lbfgs":
_dtype = np.float64
else:
_dtype = [np.float64, np.float32]
X, y = self._validate_data(
X,
y,
accept_sparse="csr",
dtype=_dtype,
order="C",
accept_large_sparse=solver not in ["liblinear", "sag", "saga"],
)
check_classification_targets(y)
self.classes_ = np.unique(y)
multi_class = _check_multi_class(self.multi_class, solver, len(self.classes_))
if solver == "liblinear":
if effective_n_jobs(self.n_jobs) != 1:
warnings.warn(
"'n_jobs' > 1 does not have any effect when"
" 'solver' is set to 'liblinear'. Got 'n_jobs'"
" = {}.".format(effective_n_jobs(self.n_jobs))
)
self.coef_, self.intercept_, self.n_iter_ = _fit_liblinear(
X,
y,
self.C,
self.fit_intercept,
self.intercept_scaling,
self.class_weight,
self.penalty,
self.dual,
self.verbose,
self.max_iter,
self.tol,
self.random_state,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
)
return self
if solver in ["sag", "saga"]:
max_squared_sum = row_norms(X, squared=True).max()
else:
max_squared_sum = None
n_classes = len(self.classes_)
classes_ = self.classes_
if n_classes < 2:
raise ValueError(
"This solver needs samples of at least 2 classes"
" in the data, but the data contains only one"
" class: %r"
% classes_[0]
)
if len(self.classes_) == 2:
n_classes = 1
classes_ = classes_[1:]
if self.warm_start:
warm_start_coef = getattr(self, "coef_", None)
else:
warm_start_coef = None
if warm_start_coef is not None and self.fit_intercept:
warm_start_coef = np.append(
warm_start_coef, self.intercept_[:, np.newaxis], axis=1
)
# Hack so that we iterate only once for the multinomial case.
if multi_class == "multinomial":
classes_ = [None]
warm_start_coef = [warm_start_coef]
if warm_start_coef is None:
warm_start_coef = [None] * n_classes
path_func = delayed(_logistic_regression_path)
# The SAG solver releases the GIL so it's more efficient to use
# threads for this solver.
if solver in ["sag", "saga"]:
prefer = "threads"
else:
prefer = "processes"
# TODO: Refactor this to avoid joblib parallelism entirely when doing binary
# and multinomial multiclass classification and use joblib only for the
# one-vs-rest multiclass case.
if (
solver in ["lbfgs", "newton-cg", "newton-cholesky"]
and len(classes_) == 1
and effective_n_jobs(self.n_jobs) == 1
):
# In the future, we would like n_threads = _openmp_effective_n_threads()
# For the time being, we just do
n_threads = 1
else:
n_threads = 1
fold_coefs_ = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, verbose=self.verbose, prefer=prefer)(
path_func(
X,
y,
pos_class=class_,
Cs=[C_],
l1_ratio=self.l1_ratio,
fit_intercept=self.fit_intercept,
tol=self.tol,
verbose=self.verbose,
solver=solver,
multi_class=multi_class,
max_iter=self.max_iter,
class_weight=self.class_weight,
check_input=False,
random_state=self.random_state,
coef=warm_start_coef_,
penalty=penalty,
max_squared_sum=max_squared_sum,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
n_threads=n_threads,
)
for class_, warm_start_coef_ in zip(classes_, warm_start_coef)
)
fold_coefs_, _, n_iter_ = zip(*fold_coefs_)
self.n_iter_ = np.asarray(n_iter_, dtype=np.int32)[:, 0]
n_features = X.shape[1]
if multi_class == "multinomial":
self.coef_ = fold_coefs_[0][0]
else:
self.coef_ = np.asarray(fold_coefs_)
self.coef_ = self.coef_.reshape(
n_classes, n_features + int(self.fit_intercept)
)
if self.fit_intercept:
self.intercept_ = self.coef_[:, -1]
self.coef_ = self.coef_[:, :-1]
else:
self.intercept_ = np.zeros(n_classes)
return self
def predict_proba(self, X):
"""
Probability estimates.
The returned estimates for all classes are ordered by the
label of classes.
For a multi_class problem, if multi_class is set to be "multinomial"
the softmax function is used to find the predicted probability of
each class.
Else use a one-vs-rest approach, i.e. calculate the probability
of each class assuming it to be positive using the logistic function.
and normalize these values across all the classes.
Parameters
----------
X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Vector to be scored, where `n_samples` is the number of samples and
`n_features` is the number of features.
Returns
-------
T : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_classes)
Returns the probability of the sample for each class in the model,
where classes are ordered as they are in ``self.classes_``.
"""
check_is_fitted(self)
ovr = self.multi_class in ["ovr", "warn"] or (
self.multi_class == "auto"
and (
self.classes_.size <= 2
or self.solver in ("liblinear", "newton-cholesky")
)
)
if ovr:
return super()._predict_proba_lr(X)
else:
decision = self.decision_function(X)
if decision.ndim == 1:
# Workaround for multi_class="multinomial" and binary outcomes
# which requires softmax prediction with only a 1D decision.
decision_2d = np.c_[-decision, decision]
else:
decision_2d = decision
return softmax(decision_2d, copy=False)
def predict_log_proba(self, X):
"""
Predict logarithm of probability estimates.
The returned estimates for all classes are ordered by the
label of classes.
Parameters
----------
X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Vector to be scored, where `n_samples` is the number of samples and
`n_features` is the number of features.
Returns
-------
T : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_classes)
Returns the log-probability of the sample for each class in the
model, where classes are ordered as they are in ``self.classes_``.
"""
return np.log(self.predict_proba(X))
class LogisticRegressionCV(LogisticRegression, LinearClassifierMixin, BaseEstimator):
"""Logistic Regression CV (aka logit, MaxEnt) classifier.
See glossary entry for :term:`cross-validation estimator`.
This class implements logistic regression using liblinear, newton-cg, sag
of lbfgs optimizer. The newton-cg, sag and lbfgs solvers support only L2
regularization with primal formulation. The liblinear solver supports both
L1 and L2 regularization, with a dual formulation only for the L2 penalty.
Elastic-Net penalty is only supported by the saga solver.
For the grid of `Cs` values and `l1_ratios` values, the best hyperparameter
is selected by the cross-validator
:class:`~sklearn.model_selection.StratifiedKFold`, but it can be changed
using the :term:`cv` parameter. The 'newton-cg', 'sag', 'saga' and 'lbfgs'
solvers can warm-start the coefficients (see :term:`Glossary<warm_start>`).
Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <logistic_regression>`.
Parameters
----------
Cs : int or list of floats, default=10
Each of the values in Cs describes the inverse of regularization
strength. If Cs is as an int, then a grid of Cs values are chosen
in a logarithmic scale between 1e-4 and 1e4.
Like in support vector machines, smaller values specify stronger
regularization.
fit_intercept : bool, default=True
Specifies if a constant (a.k.a. bias or intercept) should be
added to the decision function.
cv : int or cross-validation generator, default=None
The default cross-validation generator used is Stratified K-Folds.
If an integer is provided, then it is the number of folds used.
See the module :mod:`sklearn.model_selection` module for the
list of possible cross-validation objects.
.. versionchanged:: 0.22
``cv`` default value if None changed from 3-fold to 5-fold.
dual : bool, default=False
Dual (constrained) or primal (regularized, see also
:ref:`this equation <regularized-logistic-loss>`) formulation. Dual formulation
is only implemented for l2 penalty with liblinear solver. Prefer dual=False when
n_samples > n_features.
penalty : {'l1', 'l2', 'elasticnet'}, default='l2'
Specify the norm of the penalty:
- `'l2'`: add a L2 penalty term (used by default);
- `'l1'`: add a L1 penalty term;
- `'elasticnet'`: both L1 and L2 penalty terms are added.
.. warning::
Some penalties may not work with some solvers. See the parameter
`solver` below, to know the compatibility between the penalty and
solver.
scoring : str or callable, default=None
A string (see model evaluation documentation) or
a scorer callable object / function with signature
``scorer(estimator, X, y)``. For a list of scoring functions
that can be used, look at :mod:`sklearn.metrics`. The
default scoring option used is 'accuracy'.
solver : {'lbfgs', 'liblinear', 'newton-cg', 'newton-cholesky', 'sag', 'saga'}, \
default='lbfgs'
Algorithm to use in the optimization problem. Default is 'lbfgs'.
To choose a solver, you might want to consider the following aspects:
- For small datasets, 'liblinear' is a good choice, whereas 'sag'
and 'saga' are faster for large ones;
- For multiclass problems, only 'newton-cg', 'sag', 'saga' and
'lbfgs' handle multinomial loss;
- 'liblinear' might be slower in :class:`LogisticRegressionCV`
because it does not handle warm-starting. 'liblinear' is
limited to one-versus-rest schemes.
- 'newton-cholesky' is a good choice for `n_samples` >> `n_features`,
especially with one-hot encoded categorical features with rare
categories. Note that it is limited to binary classification and the
one-versus-rest reduction for multiclass classification. Be aware that
the memory usage of this solver has a quadratic dependency on
`n_features` because it explicitly computes the Hessian matrix.
.. warning::
The choice of the algorithm depends on the penalty chosen.
Supported penalties by solver:
- 'lbfgs' - ['l2']
- 'liblinear' - ['l1', 'l2']
- 'newton-cg' - ['l2']
- 'newton-cholesky' - ['l2']
- 'sag' - ['l2']
- 'saga' - ['elasticnet', 'l1', 'l2']
.. note::
'sag' and 'saga' fast convergence is only guaranteed on features
with approximately the same scale. You can preprocess the data with
a scaler from :mod:`sklearn.preprocessing`.
.. versionadded:: 0.17
Stochastic Average Gradient descent solver.
.. versionadded:: 0.19
SAGA solver.
.. versionadded:: 1.2
newton-cholesky solver.
tol : float, default=1e-4
Tolerance for stopping criteria.
max_iter : int, default=100
Maximum number of iterations of the optimization algorithm.
class_weight : dict or 'balanced', default=None
Weights associated with classes in the form ``{class_label: weight}``.
If not given, all classes are supposed to have weight one.
The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust
weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data
as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``.
Note that these weights will be multiplied with sample_weight (passed
through the fit method) if sample_weight is specified.
.. versionadded:: 0.17
class_weight == 'balanced'
n_jobs : int, default=None
Number of CPU cores used during the cross-validation loop.
``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context.
``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary <n_jobs>`
for more details.
verbose : int, default=0
For the 'liblinear', 'sag' and 'lbfgs' solvers set verbose to any
positive number for verbosity.
refit : bool, default=True
If set to True, the scores are averaged across all folds, and the
coefs and the C that corresponds to the best score is taken, and a
final refit is done using these parameters.
Otherwise the coefs, intercepts and C that correspond to the
best scores across folds are averaged.
intercept_scaling : float, default=1
Useful only when the solver 'liblinear' is used
and self.fit_intercept is set to True. In this case, x becomes
[x, self.intercept_scaling],
i.e. a "synthetic" feature with constant value equal to
intercept_scaling is appended to the instance vector.
The intercept becomes ``intercept_scaling * synthetic_feature_weight``.
Note! the synthetic feature weight is subject to l1/l2 regularization
as all other features.
To lessen the effect of regularization on synthetic feature weight
(and therefore on the intercept) intercept_scaling has to be increased.
multi_class : {'auto, 'ovr', 'multinomial'}, default='auto'
If the option chosen is 'ovr', then a binary problem is fit for each
label. For 'multinomial' the loss minimised is the multinomial loss fit
across the entire probability distribution, *even when the data is
binary*. 'multinomial' is unavailable when solver='liblinear'.
'auto' selects 'ovr' if the data is binary, or if solver='liblinear',
and otherwise selects 'multinomial'.
.. versionadded:: 0.18
Stochastic Average Gradient descent solver for 'multinomial' case.
.. versionchanged:: 0.22
Default changed from 'ovr' to 'auto' in 0.22.
random_state : int, RandomState instance, default=None
Used when `solver='sag'`, 'saga' or 'liblinear' to shuffle the data.
Note that this only applies to the solver and not the cross-validation
generator. See :term:`Glossary <random_state>` for details.
l1_ratios : list of float, default=None
The list of Elastic-Net mixing parameter, with ``0 <= l1_ratio <= 1``.
Only used if ``penalty='elasticnet'``. A value of 0 is equivalent to
using ``penalty='l2'``, while 1 is equivalent to using
``penalty='l1'``. For ``0 < l1_ratio <1``, the penalty is a combination
of L1 and L2.
Attributes
----------
classes_ : ndarray of shape (n_classes, )
A list of class labels known to the classifier.
coef_ : ndarray of shape (1, n_features) or (n_classes, n_features)
Coefficient of the features in the decision function.
`coef_` is of shape (1, n_features) when the given problem
is binary.
intercept_ : ndarray of shape (1,) or (n_classes,)
Intercept (a.k.a. bias) added to the decision function.
If `fit_intercept` is set to False, the intercept is set to zero.
`intercept_` is of shape(1,) when the problem is binary.
Cs_ : ndarray of shape (n_cs)
Array of C i.e. inverse of regularization parameter values used
for cross-validation.
l1_ratios_ : ndarray of shape (n_l1_ratios)
Array of l1_ratios used for cross-validation. If no l1_ratio is used
(i.e. penalty is not 'elasticnet'), this is set to ``[None]``
coefs_paths_ : ndarray of shape (n_folds, n_cs, n_features) or \
(n_folds, n_cs, n_features + 1)
dict with classes as the keys, and the path of coefficients obtained
during cross-validating across each fold and then across each Cs
after doing an OvR for the corresponding class as values.
If the 'multi_class' option is set to 'multinomial', then
the coefs_paths are the coefficients corresponding to each class.
Each dict value has shape ``(n_folds, n_cs, n_features)`` or
``(n_folds, n_cs, n_features + 1)`` depending on whether the
intercept is fit or not. If ``penalty='elasticnet'``, the shape is
``(n_folds, n_cs, n_l1_ratios_, n_features)`` or
``(n_folds, n_cs, n_l1_ratios_, n_features + 1)``.
scores_ : dict
dict with classes as the keys, and the values as the
grid of scores obtained during cross-validating each fold, after doing
an OvR for the corresponding class. If the 'multi_class' option
given is 'multinomial' then the same scores are repeated across
all classes, since this is the multinomial class. Each dict value
has shape ``(n_folds, n_cs)`` or ``(n_folds, n_cs, n_l1_ratios)`` if
``penalty='elasticnet'``.
C_ : ndarray of shape (n_classes,) or (n_classes - 1,)
Array of C that maps to the best scores across every class. If refit is
set to False, then for each class, the best C is the average of the
C's that correspond to the best scores for each fold.
`C_` is of shape(n_classes,) when the problem is binary.
l1_ratio_ : ndarray of shape (n_classes,) or (n_classes - 1,)
Array of l1_ratio that maps to the best scores across every class. If
refit is set to False, then for each class, the best l1_ratio is the
average of the l1_ratio's that correspond to the best scores for each
fold. `l1_ratio_` is of shape(n_classes,) when the problem is binary.
n_iter_ : ndarray of shape (n_classes, n_folds, n_cs) or (1, n_folds, n_cs)
Actual number of iterations for all classes, folds and Cs.
In the binary or multinomial cases, the first dimension is equal to 1.
If ``penalty='elasticnet'``, the shape is ``(n_classes, n_folds,
n_cs, n_l1_ratios)`` or ``(1, n_folds, n_cs, n_l1_ratios)``.
n_features_in_ : int
Number of features seen during :term:`fit`.
.. versionadded:: 0.24
feature_names_in_ : ndarray of shape (`n_features_in_`,)
Names of features seen during :term:`fit`. Defined only when `X`
has feature names that are all strings.
.. versionadded:: 1.0
See Also
--------
LogisticRegression : Logistic regression without tuning the
hyperparameter `C`.
Examples
--------
>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
>>> from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegressionCV
>>> X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)
>>> clf = LogisticRegressionCV(cv=5, random_state=0).fit(X, y)
>>> clf.predict(X[:2, :])
array([0, 0])
>>> clf.predict_proba(X[:2, :]).shape
(2, 3)
>>> clf.score(X, y)
0.98...
"""
_parameter_constraints: dict = {**LogisticRegression._parameter_constraints}
for param in ["C", "warm_start", "l1_ratio"]:
_parameter_constraints.pop(param)
_parameter_constraints.update(
{
"Cs": [Interval(Integral, 1, None, closed="left"), "array-like"],
"cv": ["cv_object"],
"scoring": [StrOptions(set(get_scorer_names())), callable, None],
"l1_ratios": ["array-like", None],
"refit": ["boolean"],
"penalty": [StrOptions({"l1", "l2", "elasticnet"})],
}
)
def __init__(
self,
*,
Cs=10,
fit_intercept=True,
cv=None,
dual=False,
penalty="l2",
scoring=None,
solver="lbfgs",
tol=1e-4,
max_iter=100,
class_weight=None,
n_jobs=None,
verbose=0,
refit=True,
intercept_scaling=1.0,
multi_class="auto",
random_state=None,
l1_ratios=None,
):
self.Cs = Cs
self.fit_intercept = fit_intercept
self.cv = cv
self.dual = dual
self.penalty = penalty
self.scoring = scoring
self.tol = tol
self.max_iter = max_iter
self.class_weight = class_weight
self.n_jobs = n_jobs
self.verbose = verbose
self.solver = solver
self.refit = refit
self.intercept_scaling = intercept_scaling
self.multi_class = multi_class
self.random_state = random_state
self.l1_ratios = l1_ratios
@_fit_context(prefer_skip_nested_validation=True)
def fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None, **params):
"""Fit the model according to the given training data.
Parameters
----------
X : {array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Training vector, where `n_samples` is the number of samples and
`n_features` is the number of features.
y : array-like of shape (n_samples,)
Target vector relative to X.
sample_weight : array-like of shape (n_samples,) default=None
Array of weights that are assigned to individual samples.
If not provided, then each sample is given unit weight.
**params : dict
Parameters to pass to the underlying splitter and scorer.
.. versionadded:: 1.4
Returns
-------
self : object
Fitted LogisticRegressionCV estimator.
"""
_raise_for_params(params, self, "fit")
solver = _check_solver(self.solver, self.penalty, self.dual)
if self.penalty == "elasticnet":
if (
self.l1_ratios is None
or len(self.l1_ratios) == 0
or any(
(
not isinstance(l1_ratio, numbers.Number)
or l1_ratio < 0
or l1_ratio > 1
)
for l1_ratio in self.l1_ratios
)
):
raise ValueError(
"l1_ratios must be a list of numbers between "
"0 and 1; got (l1_ratios=%r)"
% self.l1_ratios
)
l1_ratios_ = self.l1_ratios
else:
if self.l1_ratios is not None:
warnings.warn(
"l1_ratios parameter is only used when penalty "
"is 'elasticnet'. Got (penalty={})".format(self.penalty)
)
l1_ratios_ = [None]
X, y = self._validate_data(
X,
y,
accept_sparse="csr",
dtype=np.float64,
order="C",
accept_large_sparse=solver not in ["liblinear", "sag", "saga"],
)
check_classification_targets(y)
class_weight = self.class_weight
# Encode for string labels
label_encoder = LabelEncoder().fit(y)
y = label_encoder.transform(y)
if isinstance(class_weight, dict):
class_weight = {
label_encoder.transform([cls])[0]: v for cls, v in class_weight.items()
}
# The original class labels
classes = self.classes_ = label_encoder.classes_
encoded_labels = label_encoder.transform(label_encoder.classes_)
multi_class = _check_multi_class(self.multi_class, solver, len(classes))
if solver in ["sag", "saga"]:
max_squared_sum = row_norms(X, squared=True).max()
else:
max_squared_sum = None
if _routing_enabled():
routed_params = process_routing(
self,
"fit",
sample_weight=sample_weight,
**params,
)
else:
routed_params = Bunch()
routed_params.splitter = Bunch(split={})
routed_params.scorer = Bunch(score=params)
if sample_weight is not None:
routed_params.scorer.score["sample_weight"] = sample_weight
# init cross-validation generator
cv = check_cv(self.cv, y, classifier=True)
folds = list(cv.split(X, y, **routed_params.splitter.split))
# Use the label encoded classes
n_classes = len(encoded_labels)
if n_classes < 2:
raise ValueError(
"This solver needs samples of at least 2 classes"
" in the data, but the data contains only one"
" class: %r"
% classes[0]
)
if n_classes == 2:
# OvR in case of binary problems is as good as fitting
# the higher label
n_classes = 1
encoded_labels = encoded_labels[1:]
classes = classes[1:]
# We need this hack to iterate only once over labels, in the case of
# multi_class = multinomial, without changing the value of the labels.
if multi_class == "multinomial":
iter_encoded_labels = iter_classes = [None]
else:
iter_encoded_labels = encoded_labels
iter_classes = classes
# compute the class weights for the entire dataset y
if class_weight == "balanced":
class_weight = compute_class_weight(
class_weight, classes=np.arange(len(self.classes_)), y=y
)
class_weight = dict(enumerate(class_weight))
path_func = delayed(_log_reg_scoring_path)
# The SAG solver releases the GIL so it's more efficient to use
# threads for this solver.
if self.solver in ["sag", "saga"]:
prefer = "threads"
else:
prefer = "processes"
fold_coefs_ = Parallel(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, verbose=self.verbose, prefer=prefer)(
path_func(
X,
y,
train,
test,
pos_class=label,
Cs=self.Cs,
fit_intercept=self.fit_intercept,
penalty=self.penalty,
dual=self.dual,
solver=solver,
tol=self.tol,
max_iter=self.max_iter,
verbose=self.verbose,
class_weight=class_weight,
scoring=self.scoring,
multi_class=multi_class,
intercept_scaling=self.intercept_scaling,
random_state=self.random_state,
max_squared_sum=max_squared_sum,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
l1_ratio=l1_ratio,
score_params=routed_params.scorer.score,
)
for label in iter_encoded_labels
for train, test in folds
for l1_ratio in l1_ratios_
)
# _log_reg_scoring_path will output different shapes depending on the
# multi_class param, so we need to reshape the outputs accordingly.
# Cs is of shape (n_classes . n_folds . n_l1_ratios, n_Cs) and all the
# rows are equal, so we just take the first one.
# After reshaping,
# - scores is of shape (n_classes, n_folds, n_Cs . n_l1_ratios)
# - coefs_paths is of shape
# (n_classes, n_folds, n_Cs . n_l1_ratios, n_features)
# - n_iter is of shape
# (n_classes, n_folds, n_Cs . n_l1_ratios) or
# (1, n_folds, n_Cs . n_l1_ratios)
coefs_paths, Cs, scores, n_iter_ = zip(*fold_coefs_)
self.Cs_ = Cs[0]
if multi_class == "multinomial":
coefs_paths = np.reshape(
coefs_paths,
(len(folds), len(l1_ratios_) * len(self.Cs_), n_classes, -1),
)
# equiv to coefs_paths = np.moveaxis(coefs_paths, (0, 1, 2, 3),
# (1, 2, 0, 3))
coefs_paths = np.swapaxes(coefs_paths, 0, 1)
coefs_paths = np.swapaxes(coefs_paths, 0, 2)
self.n_iter_ = np.reshape(
n_iter_, (1, len(folds), len(self.Cs_) * len(l1_ratios_))
)
# repeat same scores across all classes
scores = np.tile(scores, (n_classes, 1, 1))
else:
coefs_paths = np.reshape(
coefs_paths,
(n_classes, len(folds), len(self.Cs_) * len(l1_ratios_), -1),
)
self.n_iter_ = np.reshape(
n_iter_, (n_classes, len(folds), len(self.Cs_) * len(l1_ratios_))
)
scores = np.reshape(scores, (n_classes, len(folds), -1))
self.scores_ = dict(zip(classes, scores))
self.coefs_paths_ = dict(zip(classes, coefs_paths))
self.C_ = list()
self.l1_ratio_ = list()
self.coef_ = np.empty((n_classes, X.shape[1]))
self.intercept_ = np.zeros(n_classes)
for index, (cls, encoded_label) in enumerate(
zip(iter_classes, iter_encoded_labels)
):
if multi_class == "ovr":
scores = self.scores_[cls]
coefs_paths = self.coefs_paths_[cls]
else:
# For multinomial, all scores are the same across classes
scores = scores[0]
# coefs_paths will keep its original shape because
# logistic_regression_path expects it this way
if self.refit:
# best_index is between 0 and (n_Cs . n_l1_ratios - 1)
# for example, with n_cs=2 and n_l1_ratios=3
# the layout of scores is
# [c1, c2, c1, c2, c1, c2]
# l1_1 , l1_2 , l1_3
best_index = scores.sum(axis=0).argmax()
best_index_C = best_index % len(self.Cs_)
C_ = self.Cs_[best_index_C]
self.C_.append(C_)
best_index_l1 = best_index // len(self.Cs_)
l1_ratio_ = l1_ratios_[best_index_l1]
self.l1_ratio_.append(l1_ratio_)
if multi_class == "multinomial":
coef_init = np.mean(coefs_paths[:, :, best_index, :], axis=1)
else:
coef_init = np.mean(coefs_paths[:, best_index, :], axis=0)
# Note that y is label encoded and hence pos_class must be
# the encoded label / None (for 'multinomial')
w, _, _ = _logistic_regression_path(
X,
y,
pos_class=encoded_label,
Cs=[C_],
solver=solver,
fit_intercept=self.fit_intercept,
coef=coef_init,
max_iter=self.max_iter,
tol=self.tol,
penalty=self.penalty,
class_weight=class_weight,
multi_class=multi_class,
verbose=max(0, self.verbose - 1),
random_state=self.random_state,
check_input=False,
max_squared_sum=max_squared_sum,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
l1_ratio=l1_ratio_,
)
w = w[0]
else:
# Take the best scores across every fold and the average of
# all coefficients corresponding to the best scores.
best_indices = np.argmax(scores, axis=1)
if multi_class == "ovr":
w = np.mean(
[coefs_paths[i, best_indices[i], :] for i in range(len(folds))],
axis=0,
)
else:
w = np.mean(
[
coefs_paths[:, i, best_indices[i], :]
for i in range(len(folds))
],
axis=0,
)
best_indices_C = best_indices % len(self.Cs_)
self.C_.append(np.mean(self.Cs_[best_indices_C]))
if self.penalty == "elasticnet":
best_indices_l1 = best_indices // len(self.Cs_)
self.l1_ratio_.append(np.mean(l1_ratios_[best_indices_l1]))
else:
self.l1_ratio_.append(None)
if multi_class == "multinomial":
self.C_ = np.tile(self.C_, n_classes)
self.l1_ratio_ = np.tile(self.l1_ratio_, n_classes)
self.coef_ = w[:, : X.shape[1]]
if self.fit_intercept:
self.intercept_ = w[:, -1]
else:
self.coef_[index] = w[: X.shape[1]]
if self.fit_intercept:
self.intercept_[index] = w[-1]
self.C_ = np.asarray(self.C_)
self.l1_ratio_ = np.asarray(self.l1_ratio_)
self.l1_ratios_ = np.asarray(l1_ratios_)
# if elasticnet was used, add the l1_ratios dimension to some
# attributes
if self.l1_ratios is not None:
# with n_cs=2 and n_l1_ratios=3
# the layout of scores is
# [c1, c2, c1, c2, c1, c2]
# l1_1 , l1_2 , l1_3
# To get a 2d array with the following layout
# l1_1, l1_2, l1_3
# c1 [[ . , . , . ],
# c2 [ . , . , . ]]
# We need to first reshape and then transpose.
# The same goes for the other arrays
for cls, coefs_path in self.coefs_paths_.items():
self.coefs_paths_[cls] = coefs_path.reshape(
(len(folds), self.l1_ratios_.size, self.Cs_.size, -1)
)
self.coefs_paths_[cls] = np.transpose(
self.coefs_paths_[cls], (0, 2, 1, 3)
)
for cls, score in self.scores_.items():
self.scores_[cls] = score.reshape(
(len(folds), self.l1_ratios_.size, self.Cs_.size)
)
self.scores_[cls] = np.transpose(self.scores_[cls], (0, 2, 1))
self.n_iter_ = self.n_iter_.reshape(
(-1, len(folds), self.l1_ratios_.size, self.Cs_.size)
)
self.n_iter_ = np.transpose(self.n_iter_, (0, 1, 3, 2))
return self
def score(self, X, y, sample_weight=None, **score_params):
"""Score using the `scoring` option on the given test data and labels.
Parameters
----------
X : array-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Test samples.
y : array-like of shape (n_samples,)
True labels for X.
sample_weight : array-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None
Sample weights.
**score_params : dict
Parameters to pass to the `score` method of the underlying scorer.
.. versionadded:: 1.4
Returns
-------
score : float
Score of self.predict(X) w.r.t. y.
"""
_raise_for_params(score_params, self, "score")
scoring = self._get_scorer()
if _routing_enabled():
routed_params = process_routing(
self,
"score",
sample_weight=sample_weight,
**score_params,
)
else:
routed_params = Bunch()
routed_params.scorer = Bunch(score={})
if sample_weight is not None:
routed_params.scorer.score["sample_weight"] = sample_weight
return scoring(
self,
X,
y,
**routed_params.scorer.score,
)
def get_metadata_routing(self):
"""Get metadata routing of this object.
Please check :ref:`User Guide <metadata_routing>` on how the routing
mechanism works.
.. versionadded:: 1.4
Returns
-------
routing : MetadataRouter
A :class:`~sklearn.utils.metadata_routing.MetadataRouter` encapsulating
routing information.
"""
router = (
MetadataRouter(owner=self.__class__.__name__)
.add_self_request(self)
.add(
splitter=self.cv,
method_mapping=MethodMapping().add(callee="split", caller="fit"),
)
.add(
scorer=self._get_scorer(),
method_mapping=MethodMapping()
.add(callee="score", caller="score")
.add(callee="score", caller="fit"),
)
)
return router
def _more_tags(self):
return {
"_xfail_checks": {
"check_sample_weights_invariance": (
"zero sample_weight is not equivalent to removing samples"
),
}
}
def _get_scorer(self):
"""Get the scorer based on the scoring method specified.
The default scoring method is `accuracy`.
"""
scoring = self.scoring or "accuracy"
return get_scorer(scoring)
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