613 lines
28 KiB
Python
613 lines
28 KiB
Python
# mypy: ignore-errors
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import logging
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import traceback
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from dataclasses import dataclass, field
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from typing import Any, List, Optional
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from unittest import mock
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import torch
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from torch import fx
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from torch._dynamo.output_graph import GraphCompileReason
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from torch._dynamo.utils import deepcopy_to_fake_tensor, detect_fake_mode
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from torch._logging import trace_structured
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from torch.fx.node import Node
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# Regular log messages should go through 'log'.
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# ddp_graph_log is a separate artifact logger reserved for dumping graphs.
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# See docs/source/logging.rst for more info.
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log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
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ddp_graph_log = torch._logging.getArtifactLogger(__name__, "ddp_graphs")
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def args_str(args):
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# a debug helper
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if torch.is_tensor(args):
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return f"T[{args.shape}]"
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elif isinstance(args, tuple):
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return f"tuple({', '.join([args_str(x) for x in args])})"
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elif isinstance(args, list):
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return f"list({', '.join([args_str(x) for x in args])})"
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else:
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return str(args)
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@dataclass
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class Bucket:
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size: int = 0
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params: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
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nodes: List[fx.Node] = field(default_factory=list)
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# param_ids is just used for unit testing
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param_ids: List = field(default_factory=list)
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# keep track of any buckets that were extended for logging purposes
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opcount_increased_to_capture_external_output: int = 0
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paramsize_before_opcount_increase: int = 0
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def bucket_has_external_output(bucket: Bucket) -> bool:
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nodes_in_bucket = set()
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# we want to iterate in reverse order, but clumsi-luckily the bucket.nodes list was already created backwards
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# so we don't reverse it here
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for node in bucket.nodes:
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# assume node.op != output, since those are filtered in the original iteration
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nodes_in_bucket.add(node)
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for user in node.users:
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if user not in nodes_in_bucket:
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return True
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return False
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def pretty_print_buckets(buckets: List[Bucket], bucket_bytes_cap: int):
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headers = ("Index", "Size (b)", "Param Names")
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rows = []
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extended_buckets = []
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for idx, bucket in enumerate(reversed(buckets)):
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if len(bucket.params) > 0:
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rows.append((idx, bucket.size, bucket.params[0]))
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for param in bucket.params[1:]:
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rows.append((None, None, param))
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if bucket.opcount_increased_to_capture_external_output > 0:
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extended_buckets.append(
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(
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idx,
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bucket.opcount_increased_to_capture_external_output,
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bucket.size - bucket.paramsize_before_opcount_increase,
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)
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)
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if len(rows):
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log.info(
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"\nDDPOptimizer used bucket cap %s and created %d buckets. Enable debug logs for detailed bucket info.",
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bucket_bytes_cap,
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len(buckets),
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)
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if len(extended_buckets):
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log.warning(
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"Some buckets were extended beyond their requested parameter capacities"
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" in order to ensure each subgraph has an output node, required for fx graph partitioning."
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" This can be the case when a subgraph would have only contained nodes performing inplace mutation,"
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" and returning no logical outputs. This should not be a problem, unless it results in too few graph"
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" partitions for optimal DDP performance."
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)
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try:
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from tabulate import tabulate
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log.debug(
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"\nDDPOptimizer produced the following bucket assignments:\n%s",
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tabulate(rows, headers=headers, tablefmt="simple_grid"),
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)
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if len(extended_buckets):
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log.warning(
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"DDPOptimizer extended these buckets to ensure per-subgraph output nodes:\n%s",
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tabulate(
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extended_buckets,
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headers=("Index", "Extra Ops", "Extra Param Size (b)"),
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tablefmt="simple_grid",
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),
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)
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except ImportError:
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log.debug(
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"Please `pip install tabulate` in order to display ddp bucket sizes and diagnostic information."
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)
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else:
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log.debug("DDPOptimizer captured no parameters and did not split this graph.")
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def has_higher_order_op(gm):
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# Check if there is a higher order op in the graph
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for node in gm.graph.nodes:
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if node.op == "get_attr":
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maybe_param = getattr(gm, node.target)
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if isinstance(maybe_param, torch.fx.GraphModule):
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return True
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return False
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# 3 (lazy compile): Replace submodules with lazily compiling submodule
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class SubmoduleReplacer(torch.fx.interpreter.Interpreter):
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def __init__(self, module, compiler):
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super().__init__(module)
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self.compiler = compiler
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def lazily_compiled_submod(self, input_mod):
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"""
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Create a wrapper around submodules which:
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- lazily compiles each of the partitioned submodules using the user-provided compiler
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- unpacks singleton tuples/lists into flat arg
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"""
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class LazilyCompiledModule(torch.nn.Module):
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def __init__(self, submod, compiler, unwrap_singleton_tuple):
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super().__init__()
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self.submod = submod
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self.compiler = compiler
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self.compiled = False
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self.unwrap_singleton_tuple = unwrap_singleton_tuple
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def forward(self, *args):
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if not self.compiled:
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# First compile with args as example_inputs
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# These args will be fakeified if using Inductor/AOTAutograd
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new_submod = self.compiler(self.submod, args)
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del self.submod
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self.submod = new_submod
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self.compiled = True
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self.compiler = None
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x = self.submod(*args)
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# we must let 'input_mod' return a tuple, to make AOT happy.
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# (aot_autograd compile_fn literally requires that the output of a graph it compiles is a tuple).
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# however, we don't acutally want this tuple to be returned, since the fx logic that calls the submod
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# will again wrap outputs from the submod in a tuple. So we unwrap it, and count on it being re-wrapped
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if self.unwrap_singleton_tuple and isinstance(x, (tuple, list)):
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return x[0]
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return x
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unwrap_singleton_tuple = False
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for sn in input_mod.graph.nodes:
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if sn.op == "output":
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if not isinstance(sn.args[0], tuple):
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unwrap_singleton_tuple = True
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sn.args = (sn.args,)
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input_mod.recompile()
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input_mod.compile_subgraph_reason = GraphCompileReason(
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"DDPOptimizer intentional graph-break (See Note [DDPOptimizer])."
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" Set `torch._dynamo.config.optimize_ddp = False` to disable.",
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[
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# it's close to useless to get a real stacktrace here, and quite verbose.
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traceback.FrameSummary(__file__, 0, DDPOptimizer),
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],
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)
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wrapper = LazilyCompiledModule(
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input_mod,
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self.compiler,
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unwrap_singleton_tuple,
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)
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return wrapper
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# We replace the submodules with lazy submodules which compile
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# the corresponding submodules when they are run with real values
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# Always returns `None` - we do not need to propagate values in order
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# to replace submodules.
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def run_node(self, n: Node) -> Any:
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if n.op == "call_module":
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real_mod = self.fetch_attr(n.target)
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ddp_graph_log.debug("\n---%s graph---\n%s", n.target, real_mod.graph)
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assert len(n.kwargs) == 0, "We assume only args for these modules"
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lazily_compiled_submod = self.lazily_compiled_submod(real_mod)
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# We update the original (outer) graph with a call into the compiled module
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# instead of the uncompiled one.
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self.module.delete_submodule(n.target)
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n.target = "compiled_" + n.target
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self.module.add_submodule(n.target, lazily_compiled_submod)
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# 3 (no lazy compile): compile each of the partitioned submodules using the user-provided compiler
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class SubmodCompiler(torch.fx.interpreter.Interpreter):
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def __init__(self, module, compiler, fake_mode):
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super().__init__(module)
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self.compiler = compiler
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self.fake_mode = fake_mode
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def compile_submod(self, input_mod, args, kwargs):
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"""
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Compile the submodule,
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using a wrapper to make sure its output is always a tuple,
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which is required by AotAutograd based compilers
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"""
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assert len(kwargs) == 0, "We assume only args for these modules"
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class WrapperModule(torch.nn.Module):
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def __init__(self, submod, unwrap_singleton_tuple):
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super().__init__()
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self.submod = submod
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self.unwrap_singleton_tuple = unwrap_singleton_tuple
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def forward(self, *args):
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x = self.submod(*args)
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# TODO(whc)
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# for some reason the isinstance check is necessary if I split one node per submod
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# - even though I supposedly wrapped the output in a tuple in those cases, the real
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# compiled module was still returning a tensor
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if self.unwrap_singleton_tuple and isinstance(x, (tuple, list)):
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return x[0]
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return x
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unwrap_singleton_tuple = False
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for sn in input_mod.graph.nodes:
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if sn.op == "output":
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if not isinstance(sn.args[0], tuple):
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unwrap_singleton_tuple = True
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sn.args = (sn.args,)
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input_mod.recompile()
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input_mod.compile_subgraph_reason = GraphCompileReason(
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"DDPOptimizer intentional graph-break (See Note [DDPOptimizer])."
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" Set `torch._dynamo.config.optimize_ddp = False` to disable.",
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[
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# it's close to useless to get a real stacktrace here, and quite verbose.
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traceback.FrameSummary(__file__, 0, DDPOptimizer),
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],
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)
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wrapper = WrapperModule(
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self.compiler(input_mod, args),
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unwrap_singleton_tuple,
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)
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return wrapper
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# Note:
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#
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# The way distributed works today around fake tensors can be somewhat confusing.
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# Some of these codepaths are shared in both runtime, and compile time. The presence
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# of a fake_mode, read off of fake tensor inputs, dictates how we will operate.
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#
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# A few things to keep in mind:
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#
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# 1) We invoke `compile_submod` with a real module. The output of that gets stored
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# on the graph via `self.module.add_submodule(n.target, compiled_submod_real)`.
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#
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# 2) When running a call_module targeted node, if we have a fake_mode, we fakify the
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# module we got from self.fetch_attr(n.target). Regardless of fake_mode, we then execute it.
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#
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# 3) Fake tensors should always be around during compile time.
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#
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# 4) Fake tensors should never be around at runtime.
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#
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# 5) We end up with a compilation mode that takes a real submodule and fake tensors,
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# to match what aot_autograd expects. See Note: [Fake Modules and AOTAutograd]
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def run_node(self, n: Node) -> Any:
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args, kwargs = self.fetch_args_kwargs_from_env(n)
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new_args = []
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assert self.fake_mode
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for arg in args:
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if isinstance(arg, torch.Tensor) and not isinstance(
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arg, torch._subclasses.FakeTensor
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):
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new_args.append(torch._dynamo.utils.to_fake_tensor(arg, self.fake_mode))
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else:
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new_args.append(arg)
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log.debug("run_node %s, %s got args %s", n.op, n.target, args_str(args))
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assert isinstance(args, tuple)
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assert isinstance(kwargs, dict)
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if n.op == "call_module":
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real_mod = self.fetch_attr(n.target)
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if self.fake_mode:
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curr_submod = deepcopy_to_fake_tensor(real_mod, self.fake_mode)
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else:
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curr_submod = real_mod
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ddp_graph_log.debug("\n---%s graph---\n%s", n.target, curr_submod.graph)
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# When calling the compiler on the submod, inputs (new_args) are expected to
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# be FakeTensors already since Dynamo would have made them FakeTensors in the
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# non-DDP flow. However, the parameters are _not_ expected to be FakeTensors,
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# since this wrapping happens during compilation
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# Note: Returning Fake Tensors on First AOT Autograd Call
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#
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# Inductor will optimize strides of outputs when it deems it profitable.
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# For instance, converting to channels last. When we split the graph here
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# into multiple inductor compilations, we need to make sure that the
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# output strides of one compilation is appropriately passed to the subsequent
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# compilations. However, the mapping from inductor output to dynamo output
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# is non-trivial due to aot_autograd's deduping, de-aliasing, mutation, re-writing,
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# subclass handling, etc. In order to replay all this logic we set a flag such that
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# the first invocation of inductor in aot_autograd will return Fake Tensors with
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# appropriate strides. Then, all of aot autograd's runtime logic is replayed.
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# This gives us the appropriately strided outputs here which will reflect runtime strides.
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class FakeifyFirstAOTInvocationGuard:
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def __init__(self):
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self.tc = torch._guards.TracingContext.try_get()
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assert self.tc
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torch._guards.TracingContext.try_get().fakify_first_call = True
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def __del__(self):
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self.tc.fakify_first_call = False
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# For aot_eager and other backends, tracing context is not set
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has_tracing_context = torch._guards.TracingContext.try_get() is not None
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if has_tracing_context:
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g = FakeifyFirstAOTInvocationGuard()
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from torch._dynamo.utils import counters
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init = counters["aot_autograd"]["total"]
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compiled_submod_real = self.compile_submod(real_mod, new_args, kwargs)
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# TODO - better way of doing this?
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# Only aot autograd handles fakifying first call
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invoked_aot_autograd = init != counters["aot_autograd"]["total"]
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# We update the original (outer) graph with a call into the compiled module
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# instead of the uncompiled one.
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self.module.delete_submodule(n.target)
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n.target = "compiled_" + n.target
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self.module.add_submodule(n.target, compiled_submod_real)
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# Finally, we have to produce inputs for use compiling the next submodule,
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# and these need to be FakeTensors, so we execute the module under fake_mode
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# Because parameters are not fake we patch fake tensor mode to allow non fake inputs
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with self.fake_mode, mock.patch.object(
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self.fake_mode, "allow_non_fake_inputs", True
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):
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if has_tracing_context and invoked_aot_autograd:
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out = compiled_submod_real(*new_args, **kwargs)
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# output should be fake or subclass
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assert all(
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(not isinstance(t, torch.Tensor) or type(t) is not torch.Tensor)
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for t in (out if isinstance(out, (list, tuple)) else [out])
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)
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return out
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else:
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return curr_submod(*new_args, **kwargs)
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else:
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# placeholder or output nodes don't need to get compiled, just executed
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return getattr(self, n.op)(n.target, new_args, kwargs)
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class DDPOptimizer:
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"""Note [DDPOptimizer]
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DDPOptimizer applies when dynamo compiles models wrapped in DistributedDataParallel (DDP),
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breaking the dynamo graph into chunks to compile separately, with the breaks aligning to
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the boundaries of gradient-allreduce buckets chosen by DDP.
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Background/Motivation
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- DDP uses allreduce collectives to synchronize partial gradients computed on different workers
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- DDP groups gradient allreduces into 'buckets' to optimize communication efficiency of all-reduce
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- Parameters grouped into buckets are assumed to be adjacent in time, so they become ready
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at around the same time during backward and thus can share the same allreduce efficiently
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- Allreduces must overlap with backward compute for optimal training performance
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- DDP schedules allreduces using 'hooks' fired from the c++ autograd engine in pytorch, which
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operates when individual grads become 'ready'
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- Dynamo+AOTAutograd produces a single fused graph that runs 'atomically' from the perspective of the
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autograd engine, such that all gradients become 'ready' at the same time. Hooks fire after the whole
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fused backward function executes, preventing any overlap of compute and communication
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Algorithm
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- DDPOptimizer starts off with an FX graph traced by dynamo which represents forward. It can traverse
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this graph in reverse order to determine the true order that gradients will become ready during backward.
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- Parameter sizes are counted in reverse order, up to a bucket size limit, at which point a new bucket is started
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and a graph break introduced
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- Each of the subgraphs is compiled by the compiler provided to dynamo by the user, and then fused back together
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into an outer module that is returned to the user
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Notes
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- It would be better to enforce (by adding an API to DDP) that the bucket splits chosen here are used by DDP,
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and that DDP does not need to detect or optimize bucket order by observing execution at runtime, as it does
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in eager.
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- If Dynamo can't capture a whole graph for the portion of the model wrapped by DDP, this algorithm will currently
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produce splits that do not necessarily align with the buckets used by DDP. This should result in performance
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degradation approaching the baseline case where graph-splits are not used, but not worse.
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- If the backend compiler fails to compile a single subgraph, it will execute eagerly despite the rest of the
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subgraphs being compiled
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- DDP has a 'parameters_and_buffers_to_ignore' field, which DDPOptimizer attempts to honor by reading markers
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left by DDP on individual parameters. In cases where other transformations, such as reparameterization, are
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also used, the ignore markers could be lost. If DDPOptimizer fails to ignore a parameter ignored by DDP,
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it is not catastrophic but could impact performance by choosing sub-optimal bucket splits.
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- DDPOptimizer always ignores all buffers, regardless of their ignore flag, since buffers do not require gradients,
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and therefore aren't allreduced by DDP. (They are broadcast during forward, but this is not covered by
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DDPOptimizer)
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Debugging
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- Generally, it is easiest to debug DDPOptimizer in a single process program, using pdb.
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- In many cases, the log messages are helpful (they show bucket size assignments)-
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just set TORCH_LOGS env to include any of 'dynamo', 'distributed', or 'dist_ddp'.
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- See `benchmarks/dynamo/distributed.py` for a simple harness that will run a toy model or a torchbench model
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in a single process (or with torchrun, in multiple processes)
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Args:
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bucket_bytes_cap (int): Controls the size of buckets, in bytes, used to determine graphbreaks. Should be
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set to match the equivalent parameter on the original DDP module.
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backend_compile_fn (callable): A dynamo compiler function, to be invoked to compile each subgraph.
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first_bucket_cap (int): Controls the size of the first bucket. Should match DDP's first bucket cap. DDP
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special-cases the first bucket size since it is sometimes optimal to start a small allreduce early.
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"""
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def __init__(
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self,
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bucket_bytes_cap: int,
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backend_compile_fn,
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first_bucket_cap: Optional[int] = None,
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):
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if first_bucket_cap is not None:
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self.first_bucket_cap = first_bucket_cap
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elif torch.distributed.is_available():
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# this constant comes from C10D lib which is not always built
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self.first_bucket_cap = torch.distributed._DEFAULT_FIRST_BUCKET_BYTES
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else:
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self.first_bucket_cap = bucket_bytes_cap
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self.bucket_bytes_cap = bucket_bytes_cap
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assert (
|
|
self.first_bucket_cap <= self.bucket_bytes_cap
|
|
), "First bucket should be smaller/equal to other buckets to get comms warmed up ASAP"
|
|
|
|
self.backend_compile_fn = backend_compile_fn
|
|
|
|
def _ignore_parameter(self, parameter):
|
|
return hasattr(parameter, "_ddp_ignored") and parameter._ddp_ignored
|
|
|
|
def compile_fn(self, gm: fx.GraphModule, example_inputs: List[torch.Tensor]):
|
|
"""
|
|
Implements graph splitting, first determining a set of of buckets by counting
|
|
parameter sizes in reverse graph order, then invoking the user/backend compiler
|
|
to compile each subgraph. Finally, stiches compiled graphs into one graphmodule
|
|
and returns its callable.
|
|
"""
|
|
if has_higher_order_op(gm):
|
|
# This indicates presence of a higher order op. For now, we
|
|
# have no way to break the higher order op into two buckets.
|
|
# Allowing higher order ops in the graph also requires
|
|
# changes in the split_module, becuase graph splitter
|
|
# currently assumes that all the args of all ops are
|
|
# tensors, but in the case of higher order ops, it could be
|
|
# a graph module. As a workaround, we are shortcircuiting
|
|
raise NotImplementedError(
|
|
"DDPOptimizer backend: Found a higher order op in the graph. "
|
|
"This is not supported. Please turn off DDP optimizer using "
|
|
"torch._dynamo.config.optimize_ddp=False. Note that this can "
|
|
"cause performance degradation because there will be one bucket "
|
|
"for the entire Dynamo graph. Please refer to this issue - "
|
|
"https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/104674."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
# 1: compute the partition map according to DDP bucket logic
|
|
buckets = [Bucket()] # (size, param_names)
|
|
for node in reversed(gm.graph.nodes):
|
|
if node.op in ("output", "placeholder"):
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
buckets[0].size >= self.bucket_bytes_cap
|
|
or len(buckets) == 1
|
|
and buckets[0].size >= self.first_bucket_cap
|
|
):
|
|
if bucket_has_external_output(buckets[0]):
|
|
buckets.insert(0, Bucket())
|
|
else:
|
|
# continue building this bucket past the point of filling its parameter capacity,
|
|
# to increase chances it contains at least one node that is either a global output or
|
|
# passed as input to a subsequent graph
|
|
|
|
if buckets[0].opcount_increased_to_capture_external_output == 0:
|
|
buckets[0].paramsize_before_opcount_increase = buckets[0].size
|
|
buckets[0].opcount_increased_to_capture_external_output += 1
|
|
|
|
if node.op == "call_module":
|
|
target = gm.get_submodule(node.target)
|
|
for name, param in target.named_parameters():
|
|
if param.requires_grad and not self._ignore_parameter(param):
|
|
buckets[0].size += param.untyped_storage().nbytes()
|
|
buckets[0].params.append(f"{node.target}_{name}")
|
|
buckets[0].param_ids.append(id(param))
|
|
elif node.op == "get_attr":
|
|
maybe_param = getattr(gm, node.target)
|
|
if maybe_param.requires_grad and not self._ignore_parameter(
|
|
maybe_param
|
|
):
|
|
buckets[0].size += maybe_param.untyped_storage().nbytes()
|
|
buckets[0].params.append(node.target)
|
|
buckets[0].param_ids.append(id(maybe_param))
|
|
|
|
# All nodes have to be mapped to a bucket, even if they don't have their own params
|
|
# Ignored params still end up in buckets, we just don't count them towards the capacity
|
|
buckets[0].nodes.append(node)
|
|
|
|
if len(buckets) > 1 and buckets[0].size == 0:
|
|
# we collected a small preamble graph with ops that don't include parameters, fuse it back
|
|
buckets[1].nodes.extend(buckets[0].nodes)
|
|
assert len(buckets[0].params) == 0, "Params should be empty if size is 0"
|
|
del buckets[0]
|
|
|
|
# stash buckets for testing/debugging purposes
|
|
self.buckets = buckets
|
|
pretty_print_buckets(buckets, self.bucket_bytes_cap)
|
|
|
|
if len(buckets) == 1:
|
|
# bypass split/fuse logic if there is only one bucket
|
|
return self.backend_compile_fn(gm, example_inputs)
|
|
|
|
# 2: partition the graphmodule according to bucket capacity
|
|
partition_map = {}
|
|
for idx, b in enumerate(buckets):
|
|
for node in b.nodes:
|
|
partition_map[node] = idx
|
|
|
|
split_gm = fx.passes.split_module.split_module(
|
|
gm, None, lambda node: partition_map[node]
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
debug_str = (
|
|
f"\n---orig graph---\n{gm.graph}\n"
|
|
+ f"\n---split graph---\n{split_gm.graph}\n"
|
|
)
|
|
for name, module in split_gm.named_modules():
|
|
if "." not in name and len(name):
|
|
# only print the submod graphs, not their children
|
|
debug_str += f"\n---{name} graph---\n{module.graph}\n"
|
|
debug_str += "\n---------------\n"
|
|
ddp_graph_log.debug(debug_str)
|
|
|
|
trace_structured(
|
|
"optimize_ddp_split_graph",
|
|
payload_fn=lambda: split_gm.print_readable(print_output=False),
|
|
)
|
|
for name, module in split_gm.named_modules():
|
|
if "." not in name and len(name):
|
|
trace_structured(
|
|
"optimize_ddp_split_child",
|
|
lambda: {"name": name},
|
|
payload_fn=lambda: module.print_readable(print_output=False),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
# NOTE, we want to enable `optimize_ddp_lazy_compile` by default as soon as possible,
|
|
# becuase it will fix stride mismatch errors (see motivation: https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/114154).
|
|
# However, lazy compile currently causes shape mismatch in other cases (`test_graph_split_inductor_transpose`)
|
|
# and we need to fix them before we can enable it by default.
|
|
if not torch._dynamo.config.optimize_ddp_lazy_compile:
|
|
# Today, optimize_ddp=True and keep_output_stride=False can lead to silent
|
|
# correctness issues. The problem is that ddp_optimizer works by partitioning
|
|
# the dynamo graph, sending each subgraph through aot autograd to inductor,
|
|
# and creates example inputs by eagerly interpreting each subgraph to get
|
|
# an output that with the same metadata that we'd get from eager mode.
|
|
# This is a problem though, for torch._inductor.config.keep_output_stride.
|
|
# The above config can cause the outputs of the first graph to have
|
|
# **different** strides from eager, causing the inputs that we pass
|
|
# to the second graph to be wrong.
|
|
# To really fix this, we would need to faithfully ask inductor
|
|
# what the outputs to each graph it expects are.
|
|
fake_mode = detect_fake_mode(example_inputs)
|
|
if fake_mode is None:
|
|
fake_mode = torch._subclasses.fake_tensor.FakeTensorMode()
|
|
|
|
if torch._dynamo.config.optimize_ddp_lazy_compile:
|
|
submod_compiler = SubmoduleReplacer(split_gm, self.backend_compile_fn)
|
|
else:
|
|
submod_compiler = SubmodCompiler(
|
|
split_gm, self.backend_compile_fn, fake_mode
|
|
)
|
|
submod_compiler.run(*example_inputs)
|
|
split_gm.recompile()
|
|
|
|
ddp_graph_log.debug(
|
|
"\n---final graph---\n%s\n---------------\n", split_gm.graph
|
|
)
|
|
return split_gm
|